<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-10-1159-1164</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-1081</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение хромато-масс-спектрометрических методов определения маркеров экспозиции в биомониторинговых исследованиях у работников производств поливинилхлорида и алюминия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Application of chromato-mass-spectrometric methods of determination of exposure markers in biomonitoring researches in workers of productions of polyvinyl chloride and aluminum</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-3133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаяхметов</surname><given-names>Салим Файзыевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shayakhmetov</surname><given-names>Salim F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, вед. науч. сотр. лаборатории аналитической экотоксикологии и биомониторинга, ФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований», 665827, Ангарск.</p><p>e-mail: salimf53@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., DSci., professor, leading researcher of the Laboratory of analytical ecotoxicology and biomonitoring of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research, Angarsk, 665827, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: salimf53@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">salimf53@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-6408</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журба</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhurba</surname><given-names>Olga M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4980-5304</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеенко</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseenko</surname><given-names>Anton N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7848-6432</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меринов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Merinov</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>99</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1159</fpage><lpage>1164</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шаяхметов С.Ф., Журба О.М., Алексеенко А.Н., Меринов А.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шаяхметов С.Ф., Журба О.М., Алексеенко А.Н., Меринов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shayakhmetov S.F., Zhurba O.M., Alekseenko A.N., Merinov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1081">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1081</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Присутствие высокотоксичных полициклических ароматических углеводородов (ПАУ) в условиях производства алюминия и хлорорганических соединений (ХОС) при получении поливинилхлорида (ПВХ) создаёт серьёзную угрозу для здоровья рабочих, обусловливает необходимость проведения биологического мониторинга токсикантов и их метаболитов в биосредах для оценки риска здоровью на основе современных методов химического анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Выполнены биомониторинговые исследования содержания маркерного метаболита ХОС - тиодиуксусной кислоты (TDUK) в моче у 65 работников производства ПВХ и метаболита ПАУ - 1-гидроксипирена (1-OHPyr) у 144 работников алюминиевого завода с использованием разработанных собственных методик хромато-масс-спектрометрического (ГХ-МС) анализа. Анализ проб осуществляли на газовом хроматографе Agilent 7890A с масс-селективным детектором Agilent 5979.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Рассмотрены предложенные методические приёмы и параметры ГХ-МС измерения TDUK и 1-OHPyr в моче, обеспечившие высокую селективность и чувствительность анализа проб. Установлены достоверные различия уровней содержания маркерных метаболитов среди групп основных и вспомогательных профессий и лиц контрольных групп, их зависимость от степени воздействия ПАУ и ХОС. Наибольшие концентрации TDUK в моче отмечены у аппаратчиков цеха получения винилхлорида, 1-OHPyr - у анодчиков алюминиевого производства.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты апробации разработанных на базе метода ГХ-МС высокочувствительных и селективных методик определения TDUK и 1-OHPyr в пробах мочи демонстрируют возможность их применения в биомониторинговых исследованиях у работников производств и населения для адекватной оценки экспозиции высокотоксичных ПАУ и ХОС.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The presence of highly toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the production of aluminum and organochlorine compounds (OCC) in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) poses a serious threat to the health of workers, necessitates biological monitoring of toxicants and their metabolites in biological media to assess health risks on basis of modern methods chemical analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Biomonitoring studies of the content of marker metabolite OCC - thiodiacetic acid (TDAA) in urine were performed in 65 workers of PVC production and PAHs metabolite - 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) in 144 workers of the aluminum smelter using developed own methods of gas-chromato-mass-spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Sample analysis was performed on an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph with an Agilent 5979 mass selective detector.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Methodological methods and parameters of GC-MS measurement of TDAA and 1-OHPyr in urine, which provided high selectivity and sensitivity of the analysis of samples, were examined and considered. Reliable differences in the levels of marker metabolites among the groups of main and auxiliary occupations and persons in the control groups, their dependence on the degree of exposure to PAHs, and OCC were established. The highest concentrations of TDAA in urine were observed in unit operators of PVC workshop and 1-OHPyr - in anode workers of aluminum production.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The revealed reliable intergroup and interindividual differences in the contents of TDAA and 1-OHPyr in the urine of workers indicate the reliability and informativeness of the results of the analysis of biological media. The results are consistent with data from foreign studies, confirm the occupational - production nature of the exposure of toxicants among workers in the main professions of enterprises.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results of approbation of highly sensitive and selective methods for the determination of TDAA and 1-OHPyr in urine samples developed on the base of GC-MS method demonstrate the possibility of their use in biomonitoring studies of workers of productions and the population to adequately assess the exposure of highly toxic PAHs and OCC.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>производства поливинилхлорида и алюминия</kwd><kwd>хлорорганические соединения</kwd><kwd>полициклические ароматические углеводороды</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры экспозиции в биосредах</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>productions of polyvinyl chloride and aluminum</kwd><kwd>organochlorine compounds</kwd><kwd>polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</kwd><kwd>biomarkers of exposure in biological media</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомин М.В., Аликбаева Л.А., Луковникова Л.В., Сидорин Г.И., Петрова Н.Н. Гигиеническое обоснование безопасности эксплуатации предприятия по производству поливинилхлорида. Гигиена и санитария. 2017; 96(4): 347-51. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-4-347-351</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomin M.V., Alikbaeva L.A., Lukovnikova L.V., Sidorin G.I., Petrova N.N. Hygienic substantiation of the safety operation of the enterprise for the production of polyvinyl chloride. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2017; 96(4): 347–51. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-4-347-351 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаяхметов С.Ф., Мещакова Н.М., Лисецкая Л.Г., Меринов А.В., Журба О.М., Алексеенко А.Н. и соавт. Гигиенические аспекты условий труда в современном производстве алюминия. Гигиена и санитария. 2018; 97(10): 899-904. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-10-899-904</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shayakhmetov S.F., Meshchakova N.M., Lisetskaya L.G., Merinov A.V., Zhurba O.M., Alekseenko A.N., et al. Hygienic aspects of working conditions in the modern production of aluminum. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2018; 97(10): 899–904. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2018-97-10-899-904 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sim M.R., Del Monaco A., Hoving J.L., Macfarlane E., McKenzie D., Benke G., et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in works in two Australian prebake aluminium smelters. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009; 66(7): 464-70. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2008.040964</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sim M.R., Del Monaco A., Hoving J.L., Macfarlane E., McKenzie D., Benke G., et al. Mortality and cancer incidence in works in two Australian prebake aluminium smelters. Occup. Environ. Med. 2009; 66(7): 464–70. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2008.040964</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiy F., Wangy W., Xia Z.L., Zheng Y.J., Qiu Y.L., Wu F., et al. Prevalence and persistence of chromosomal damage and susceptible genotypes of metabolic and DNA repair genes in Chinese vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Carcinogenesis. 2010; 31(4): 648-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgq015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiy F., Wangy W., Xia Z.L., Zheng Y.J., Qiu Y.L., Wu F., et al. Prevalence and persistence of chromosomal damage and susceptible genotypes of metabolic and DNA repair genes in Chinese vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Carcinogenesis. 2010; 31(4): 648–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgq015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brandt-Rauf P.W., Li Y., Long C., Monaco R., Kovvali G., Marion M.J. Plastics and carcinogenesis: the example of vinyl chloride. J. Carcinog. 2012; 11: 5. https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.93700</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brandt-Rauf P.W., Li Y., Long C., Monaco R., Kovvali G., Marion M.J. Plastics and carcinogenesis: the example of vinyl chloride. J. Carcinog. 2012; 11: 5. https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.93700</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klöslová Z., Drímal M., Balog K., Koppová K., Dubajová J. The relations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and 1-OHP levels as a biomarker of the exposure. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health. 2016; 24(4): 302-7. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4179</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klöslová Z., Drímal M., Balog K., Koppová K., Dubajová J. The relations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and 1-OHP levels as a biomarker of the exposure. Cent. Eur. J. Public Health. 2016; 24(4): 302–7. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a4179</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Lyon: LARS Press; 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene. Lyon: LARS Press; 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Чашин В.П., Гудков А.Б. Научные принципы применения биомаркеров в медико-экологических исследованиях (обзор литературы). Экология человека. 2019; (9): 4-14. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2019-9-4-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Chashin V.P., Gudkov A.B. Scientifiic principles of use of biomarkers in medico-ecological studies (review). Ekologiya cheloveka. 2019; (9): 4–14. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2019-9-4-14 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шилов В.В., Маркова О.Л., Кузнецов А.В. Биомониторинг воздействия вредных химических веществ на основе современных биомаркеров. Обзор литературы. Гигиена и санитария. 2019; 98(6): 591-6. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-6-591-596</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shilov V.V., Markova O.L., Kuznetsov A.V. Biomonitoring of influence of harmful chemicals on the basis of the modern biomarkers. Literature review. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2019; 98(6): 591–6. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-6-591-596 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacob J., Seidel A. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002; 778(1-2): 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00467-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacob J., Seidel A. Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. J. Chromatogr. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002; 778(1-2): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00467-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boogaard P.J. Urinary biomarkers in the risk assessment of PAHs. Occup. Eniviron. Med. 2008; 65(4): 221-2. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.034157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boogaard P.J. Urinary biomarkers in the risk assessment of PAHs. Occup. Eniviron. Med. 2008; 65(4): 221–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.034157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen C.W., Hsieh D., Sung F.C., Tsai S.P. Feasibility ofusing urinary TDGA as a biomarker for VCM exposures. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2018; 97: 82-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen C.W., Hsieh D., Sung F.C., Tsai S.P. Feasibility ofusing urinary TDGA as a biomarker for VCM exposures. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2018; 97: 82–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carstensen U., Yang K., Levin J.O., Ostman C., Nilsson T., Hemminki K., et al. Genotoxic exposures of potroom workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 1999; 25(1): 24-32. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carstensen U., Yang K., Levin J.O., Ostman C., Nilsson T., Hemminki K., et al. Genotoxic exposures of potroom workers. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 1999; 25(1): 24–32. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbeau D., Persoons R., Marques M., Hervé C., Laffitte-Rigaud G., Maitre A. Relevance of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene to assess exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in metallurgy workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2014; 58(5): 579-90. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meu004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbeau D., Persoons R., Marques M., Hervé C., Laffitte-Rigaud G., Maitre A. Relevance of urinary 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene to assess exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in metallurgy workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2014; 58(5): 579–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/meu004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng T.J., Huang Y.F., Ma Y.C. Urinary thiodiglycolic acid levels for vinyl chloride monomer exposed polyvinyl chloride workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001; 43(11): 934-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200111000-00002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng T.J., Huang Y.F., Ma Y.C. Urinary thiodiglycolic acid levels for vinyl chloride monomer exposed polyvinyl chloride workers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001; 43(11): 934–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200111000-00002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee C.C., Shen Y., Hsu C.W., Fong J.P., Uang S.N., Chang J.W. Reduced adiponectin:leptin ratio associated with inhalation exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 703: 135488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135488</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee C.C., Shen Y., Hsu C.W., Fong J.P., Uang S.N., Chang J.W. Reduced adiponectin:leptin ratio associated with inhalation exposure to vinyl chloride monomer. Sci. Total Environ. 2020; 703: 135488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135488</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jongeneelen F.J. Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2001; 45(1): 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/45.1.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jongeneelen F.J. Benchmark guideline for urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarker of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2001; 45(1): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/45.1.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журба О.М., Алексеенко А.Н., Шаяхметов С.Ф. Хромато-масс-спектрометрическое определение тиодиуксусной кислоты в моче. Аналитика и контроль. 2013; 17(4): 445-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurba O.M., Alekseenko A.N., Shayakhmetov S.F. Chromatography-mass-spectrometry determination of thiodiacetic acid in urine. Analitika i kontrol’. 2013; 17(4): 445–51. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеенко А.Н., Журба О.М., Меринов А.В., Шаяхметов С.Ф. Хромато-масс-спектрометрическое определение 1-гидроксипирена в моче как биомаркера воздействия полициклических ароматических углеводородов. Журнал аналитической химии. 2020; 75(1): 67-73. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044450220010028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseenko A.N., Zhurba O.M., Merinov A.V., Shayakhmetov S.F. Determination of 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker for the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine by chromatography-mass spectrometry. Zhurnal analiticheskoy khimii. 2020; 75(1): 67–73. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044450220010028 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мещакова Н.М., Лемешевская Е.П., Шаяхметов С.Ф., Журба О.М. Гигиенический мониторинг основных неблагоприятных факторов в производствах винилхлорида и поливинилхлорида в Восточной Сибири. Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2017; (10): 42-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meshchakova N.M., Lemeshevskaya E.P., Shayakhmetov S.F., Zhurba O.M. Hygienic monitoring of the main unfavorable factors in the production of vinylchloride and polyvinylchloride in Eastern Siberia. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya. 2017; (10): 42–7. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рослый О.Ф., Лихачева Е.И., ред. Медицина труда при электролитическом получении алюминия. Екатеринбург; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roslyy O.F., Likhacheva E.I., eds. Medicine of Labor for Electrolytic Aluminum Production [Meditsina truda pri elektroliticheskom poluchenii alyuminiya]. Ekaterinburg; 2011. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малышева А.Г., Рахманин Ю.А. Физико-химические исследования и методы контроля веществ в гигиене окружающей среды. СПб.: Профессионал; 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malysheva A.G., Rakhmanin Yu.A. Physical and Chemical Research and Methods of Substance Control in Environmental Hygiene [Fiziko-khimicheskie issledovaniya i metody kontrolya veshchestv v gigiene okruzhayushchey sredy]. St. Petersburg: Professional; 2014. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Зайцева Н.В., Уланова Т.С. Контроль содержания химических соединений и элементов в биологических средах: Руководство. Пермь: Книжный формат; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Zaytseva N.V., Ulanova T.S. Control of the Content of Chemical Compounds and Elements in Biological Media: a Guide [Kontrol’ soderzhaniya khimicheskikh soedineniy i elementov v biologicheskikh sredakh: Rukovodstvo]. Permian: Knizhnyy format; 2011. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Z.Y., Gu X.R., Cui M.Z., Zhu X.X. Sensitive flame-photometric-detector analysis of thiodiglycolic acid in urine as a biological monitor of vinyl chloride. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 1983; 52(3): 281-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00526527</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Z.Y., Gu X.R., Cui M.Z., Zhu X.X. Sensitive flame-photometric-detector analysis of thiodiglycolic acid in urine as a biological monitor of vinyl chloride. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health. 1983; 52(3): 281–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00526527</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campo L., Rossella F., Fustinoni S. Development of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method to a quantify several urinary monohydroxy metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in occupationally exposed subjects. J. Chromatog. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2008; 875(2): 531-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campo L., Rossella F., Fustinoni S. Development of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method to a quantify several urinary monohydroxy metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in occupationally exposed subjects. J. Chromatog. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2008; 875(2): 531–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shin H.S., Lim H.H. Simultaneous determination of 2-naphtol and 1-hydroxypyrene in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2011; 879(7-8): 489-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shin H.S., Lim H.H. Simultaneous determination of 2-naphtol and 1-hydroxypyrene in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatog. B. Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2011; 879(7–8): 489–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журба О.М. Оценка содержания метаболита хлорорганических поллютантов в моче работников производства поливинилхлорида. Гигиена и санитария. 2019; 98(1): 55-60. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-1-55-60</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhurba O.M. Assessment of the metabolite of chlororganic pollutants content in urine of workers of polyvinychloride production. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2019; 98(1): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-1-55-60 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Макаров И.А., Федотова И.В. Механизмы канцерогенного воздействия винилхлорида (обзор литературы). Гигиена труда и профессиональные заболевания. 1983; (6): 42-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov I.A., Fedotova I.V. Mechanisms of the carcinogenic effects of vinyl chloride (literature review). Gigiena truda i professional’nye zabolevaniya. 1983; (6): 42–5. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
