<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-1-73-76</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-1185</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Фагоцитоз альвеолярных макрофагов у экспериментальных животных при воздействии пыли хризотил-асбеста</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages in experimental animals exposed to chrosotil– asbestos dust</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-1136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Койгельдинова</surname><given-names>Шолпан Секербаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koygeldinova</surname><given-names>Sholpan S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор кафедры внутренних болезней № 2 НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды» Минздрава Республики Казахстан, 100008, Караганда, Республика Казахстан.</p><p>e-mail: kshs@list.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., DSci., Acting professor in the Department of Internal Medicine propaedeutics, docent, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda, 100008, Republic of Kazakhstan.</p><p>e-mail: kshs@list.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kshs@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-078X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибраев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibrayev</surname><given-names>Serik A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Базелюк</surname><given-names>Л. Т.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bazeluk</surname><given-names>Lyudmila T.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4535-8861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касымова</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasymova</surname><given-names>Aygul K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5531-6123</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таласпаева</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Talaspayeva</surname><given-names>Aisulu Ye.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды» Министерства здравоохранения Республики Казахстан</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Karaganda Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГКП на ПХВ «Городская поликлиника № 3»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Polyclinic No. 3</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>02</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>73</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Койгельдинова Ш.С., Ибраев С.А., Базелюк Л.Т., Касымова А.К., Таласпаева А.Е., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Койгельдинова Ш.С., Ибраев С.А., Базелюк Л.Т., Касымова А.К., Таласпаева А.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Koygeldinova S.S., Ibrayev S.A., Bazeluk L.T., Kasymova A.K., Talaspayeva A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1185">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1185</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Как известно, воздействие пыли, в том числе и хризотил-асбеста, приводит к мобилизации альвеолярных макрофагов, сопровождающейся активацией свободнорадикального окисления и высвобождением медиаторов, стимулирующих пролиферацию фибробластов и синтез коллагена.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. 30 беспородных крыс-самцов были разделены на 2 группы: 1-я – контроль со сроком 4 мес (n = 15), 2-я – опытная группа, подвергшаяся 4-месячной затравке пылью хризотил-асбеста (n = 15). Животным опытной группы однократно интратрахеально под эфирной анестезией в дыхательные пути с помощью шприца инсталлировали по 1 мл стерильного физиологического раствора, содержащего взвесь (50 мг) пыли хризотил-асбеста. Далее животных умерщвляли, получали бронхиальные смывы, центрифугировали, из осадка делали мазки, которые в дальнейшем микроскопировали. Жировой обмен оценивали по содержанию фосфолипидов (ФЛ) в клетке по Г.А. Меркулову. Определение оксипролина проводилось в гомогенате лёгких. Для оценки статистических различий между двумя группами использовался t-критерий Стьюдента. Данные выражали в виде среднего значения ± SE. Значения вероятности p &lt; 0,05 считали значимыми.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В экспериментальных условиях на животных установлено, что хроническое воздействие пыли хризотил-асбеста в течение 4 мес вызывает снижение активности фагоцитирующих клеток и повышение деструктивных форм альвеолярных макрофагов в бронхоальвеолярных смывах, избыточное накопление фосфолипидов и повышение оксипролина. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о развитии пнемофиброза вследствие цитотоксического и мембраноповреждающего эффекта пыли хризотил-асбеста.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Таким образом, пыль хризотил-асбеста Житикаринского месторождения, отнесённая к наночастицам и многокомпонентная по химическому составу, оказывает цитотоксическое воздействие, сопровождаемое активацией фагоцитарного звена лёгких и мембранно-деструктивными изменениями клеток с накоплением фосфолипидов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The exposure to dust, including chrysotile asbestos, is known to lead to the mobilization of alveolar macrophages, accompanied by the activation of free radical oxidation and the release of mediators stimulating fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. </p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Thirty outbred male rats were divided into two groups: 1 - control with a period of 4 months (n = 15), the 2-experienced group subjected to 4-month seed with chrysotile asbestos dust (n = 15). Under ether anesthesia, animals of the experimental group once were installed intratracheally in the respiratory tract using a syringe 1.0 ml of the sterile saline solution containing a suspension (50 mg) of chrysotile dust - asbestos. Then, the animals were killed, their bronchial washes, centrifuged, smears from the sediment, were subsequently visualized with a microscope. Fat metabolism was assessed by the content of phospholipids in the cell, according to G.A. Merkulov. Determination of hydroxyproline in the pulmonary homogenate. The statistical differences between the two groups were assessed with the Student’s t-test. Data were expressed as mean ± SE. Probability values of p &lt;0.05 were considered significant. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The chronic exposure to chrysotile asbestos dust with a period of 4 months was found to causes a decrease in the activity of phagocytic cells and an increase in the destructive forms of alveolar macrophages in bronchoalveolar washes, excessive accumulation of phospholipids and an increase in oxyproline. Pneumofibrosis develops due to the cytotoxic and membrane-damaging effect of chrysotile asbestos dust. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Thus, chrysotile asbestos dust from the Zhitikarinsky site, attributed to nanoparticles and multicomponent in chemical composition, has a cytotoxic effect, accompanied by activation of phagocytic pulmonary membrane and membrane-destructive changes in cells with accumulation of phospholipids.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хризотил-асбест</kwd><kwd>фагоцитоз</kwd><kwd>альвеолярные макрофаги</kwd><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>экспериментальные животные</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chrysotile-asbestos</kwd><kwd>phagocytosis</kwd><kwd>alveolar macrophages</kwd><kwd>neutrophils</kwd><kwd>experimental animals</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carter J.M., Corson N., Driscoll K.E. et al. A comparative dose-related prostate of anti-inflammatory mediators and submersion inhalation of carbon black. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006; 48(12): 1265-78. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000230489.06025.14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carter J.M., Corson N., Driscoll K.E. et al. A comparative dose-related prostate of anti-inflammatory mediators and submersion inhalation of carbon black. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2006; 48(12): 1265–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000230489.06025.14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Величковский Б.Т. Молекулярные и клеточные механизмы защиты органов дыхания от неблагоприятных воздействий. Гигиена и санитария. 2001; 90(5): 16-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Velichkovskiy B.T. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of protection of the respiratory system from adverse effects. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2001; 90(5): 16–21. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ерохин В.В. Функциональная морфология легких. М.: Медицина; 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erokhin V.V. Functional Morphology of the Lungs [Funktsional’naya morfologiya legkikh]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1987. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yasumitsu Nishimura, Megumi Maeda, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Suni Lee, Hidenori Matsuzaki, Yasuhiko Wada, Tamako Nishiike-Wada, Hiroshi Iguchi, Takemi Otsuki. Altered functions of alveolar macrophages and NK cells involvedin asbestos-related diseases. Environ Health Prev Med. 2013; 18:198-204. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12199-013-0333-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yasumitsu Nishimura, Megumi Maeda, Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Suni Lee, Hidenori Matsuzaki, Yasuhiko Wada, Tamako Nishiike-Wada, Hiroshi Iguchi, Takemi Otsuki. Altered functions of alveolar macrophages and NK cells involvedin asbestos-related diseases. Environ Health Prev Med. 2013; 18:198–204. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12199-013-0333-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamp D.W., Liu G., Cheresh P., Kim S.J., Mueller A., Lam A.P., et al. Asbestos-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2013; 49(6): 892-90. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2013-0053oc</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamp D.W., Liu G., Cheresh P., Kim S.J., Mueller A., ​​Lam A.P., et al. Asbestos-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. The role of endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 2013; 49(6): 892–90. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2013-0053oc</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernstein D.M., Chevalier J., Smith P. Comparison of chrysolite: final results of the inhalation biopersistence and histopathology following short-term exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 2005; 17(9): 427-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370591002012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernstein D.M., Chevalier J., Smith P. Comparison of chrysolite: final results of the inhalation biopersistence and histopathology following short-term exposure. Inhal. Toxicol. 2005; 17(9): 427–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370591002012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воронов И.Е., Гурьев С.А., Коган Ф.М. Определение содержания хризотила в пыли асбестовых предприятий и его гигиеническое значение. Гигиена и санитария. 1983; 72(4): 44-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronov I.E., Gur’ev S.A., Kogan F.M. Determination of chrysotile in the dust of asbestos enterprises and its hygienic value. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 1983; 72(4): 44–6. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ковалевский Е.В., Кашанский С.В. Современные проблемы медицины труда и промышленной экологии при использовании природных и искусственных минеральных волокон. В кн.: Сборник статей республиканской научно-практической конференции с международным участием «Проблемы медицины труда и промышленной токсикологии в Казахстане». Караганда; 2006: 166-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kovalevskiy E.V., Kashanskiy S.V. Modern problems of occupational medicine and industrial ecology when using natural and artificial mineral fibers. In: Collection of Articles of the Republican Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation «Problems of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Toxicology in Kazakhstan» [Sbornik statey respublikanskoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem «Problemy meditsiny truda i promyshlennoy toksikologii v Kazakhstane»]. Karaganda; 2006: 166–8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ибраев С.А., Отаров Е.Ж., Зейниденов А.К. Некоторые данные по физико-химическим свойствам поверхности хризотил-асбестового волокна. Вестник Карагандинского университета. 2011; (2): 3-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ibraev S.A., Otarov E.Zh., Zeynidenov A.K Some data on the physicochemical properties of the surface of chrysotile asbestos fiber. Vestnik Karagandinskogo universiteta. 2011; (2): 3–8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Измеров Н.Ф., Денисов Э.И. Оценка профессионального риска в медицине труда: принципы, методы и критерии. Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2004; (2): 17-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Izmerov N.F., Denisov E.I. An assessment of the occupational risk in the medical sphere: principles, methods and criteria. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya. 2004; (2): 17–20. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меркулов Г.А. Окраска суданом чёрным - IV на фосфолипиды. Курс патологогистологической техники. М.; 1969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merkulov G.A. Color of sudan black – IV on phospholipids. Course of pathological and histological technique [Okraska sudanom chernym – IV na fosfolipidy. Kurs patologogistologicheskoy tekhniki]. Moscow; 1969. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисова Л.Б., Мареева Л.Б., Узбеков В.А., Текебаева А.М. Метод определения оксипролина в печени. Информационный листок КазгосЦНТИ ПС-760331; 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisova L.B., Mareeva L.B., Uzbekov V.A., Tekebaeva A.M. Method for determining oxyproline in the liver. Information sheet of KazgosCNTI PS-760331; 1998. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базелюк Л.Т. Цитохимические тесты функционального состояния альвеолярных макрофагов крыс при действии угольной и кварцевой пыли. Вестник Академии наук Казахской ССР. 1987; (9): 68-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazelyuk L.T. Cytochemical tests of the functional state of rat alveolar macrophages under the action of coal and quartz dust. Vestnik Akademii nauk Kazakhskoy SSR. 1987; (9): 68–70. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байманова А.М. Патогенетические механизмы формирования антракосиликоза. Караганда; 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baymanova A.M. Pathogenetic Mechanisms of the Formation of Anthracosilicosis [Patogeneticheskie mekhanizmy formirovaniya antrakosilikoza]. Karaganda; 2000. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang L., Akatsuka S., Nagai H., Chew S.H., Ohara H., Okazaki Y., et al. Iron overload signature in chrysotile-induced malignant mesothelioma. J. Pathol. 2012; 228(3): 366-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang L., Akatsuka S., Nagai H., Chew S.H., Ohara H., Okazaki Y., et al. Iron overload signature in chrysotile-induced malignant mesothelioma. J. Pathol. 2012; 228(3): 366–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.4075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foresti E., Fornero E., Lesci I.G., Rinaudo C., Zuccheri T., Roveri N. Asbestos health hazard: A spectroscopic study of synthetic geoinspired Fe-doped chrysotile. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009; 167(1-3): 1070-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foresti E., Fornero E., Lesci I.G., Rinaudo C., Zuccheri T., Roveri N. Asbestos health hazard: A spectroscopic study of synthetic geoinspired Fe-doped chrysotile. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009; 167(1–3): 1070–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pascolo L., Gianoncelli A., Schneider G., Salome M., Schneider M., Calligaro C., et al. The interaction of asbestos and iron in lung tissue revealed by synchrotron-based scanning X-ray microscopy. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3: 1123. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pascolo L., Gianoncelli A., Schneider G., Salome M., Schneider M., Calligaro C., et al. The interaction of asbestos and iron in lung tissue revealed by synchrotron-based scanning X-ray microscopy. Sci. Rep. 2013; 3: 1123. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernstein D.M., Riego Sintes J.M., Ersboell B.K., Kunert J. Biopersistence of synthetic mineral fibers as a predictor of chronic inhalation toxicity in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001; 13(10): 851-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/089583701752378133</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernstein D.M., Riego Sintes J.M., Ersboell B.K., Kunert J. Biopersistence of synthetic mineral fibers as a predictor of chronic inhalation toxicity in rats. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001; 13(10): 851–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/089583701752378133</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar V., Abbas A.K., Aster J.C. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar V., Abbas A.K., Aster J.C. Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagai H., Okazaki Y., Chew S.H., Misawa N., Yamashita Y., Akatsuka S. et al. Diameter of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is a critical factor in mesothelial injury and subsequent carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011; 108(49): E1330-8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110013108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagai H., Okazaki Y., Chew S.H., Misawa N., Yamashita Y., Akatsuka S. et al. Diameter of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is a critical factor in mesothelial injury and subsequent carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2011; 108(49): E1330–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110013108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джаманбалин К.К. Углеродные нанотрубки хризотил-асбеста. Учебно-методическое пособие. Костанай; 2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhamanbalin K.K. Carbon Nanotubes of Chrysotile Asbestos. Educational-Methodical Manual [Uglerodnye nanotrubki khrizotil-asbesta. Uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie]. Kostanay; 2016. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
