<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-2-111-115</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-1253</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Тритий в водных средах г. Озёрска</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Tritium in the aquatic environment of Ozersk</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4276-6296</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чеботина</surname><given-names>Маргарита Яковлевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chebotina</surname><given-names>Margarita Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор техн. наук, вед. науч. сотр. ФГБУН ИЭРиЖ УрО РАН, 620144, Екатеринбург.</p><p>e-mail: Chebotina@ipae.uran.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., DSci, leading researcher of the Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, 454001, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: Chebotina@ipae.uran.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chebotina@ipae.uran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3374-8149</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смагин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smagin</surname><given-names>Andrej I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Институт экологии растений и животных» УрО РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Челябинский государственный университет»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chelyabinsk State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чеботина М.Я., Смагин А.И., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чеботина М.Я., Смагин А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Y., Smagin A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1253">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1253</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В статье представлены данные о концентрациях трития в различных типах водных сред (дождевые осадки, снеговые выпадения, вода озёр Иртяш, Б. Нанога, Кызылташ и истока р. Теча, водопроводная вода, лёд из холодильника, моча людей) в пределах г. Озёрска и на непосредственно прилегающей к нему территории в зоне воздействия ПО «Маяк» на Южном Урале.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для количественного определения трития в различных водных средах осуществляли отбор проб в период с 2002 по 2016 г. Анализ проб производили сцинтилляционным методом с использованием процедуры одноступенчатого электролитического обогащения.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Результаты работы показали, что практически все водные среды в г. Озёрске по содержанию в них трития превышают уровень техногенного фона, установленный для Уральского региона. В среднем это превышение составляет 14, 11, 9, 19, 4, 6, 19 раз для дождевых осадков, снеговых выпадений, питьевой воды жилых помещений, намороженного льда, воды озёр Иртяш и Б. Нанога, воды из истока р. Теча соответственно. Отмечены повышенные концентрации трития в моче людей г. Озёрска и прилегающей территории по сравнению с литературными данными для других регионов мира.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты исследований позволили выявить уровни загрязнения водных сред г. Озёрска тритием относительно уровня техногенного фона. Данные работы свидетельствуют о необходимости разработки метода очистки выбросов и сбросов трития предприятиями атомной промышленности для снижения риска для населения.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The article presents data on tritium concentrations in various types of aquatic environments (rainfall, snowfall, water from the Irtyash, B. Nanoga, Kyzyltash lakes, and the source of the Techa river, tap water, ice from the refrigerator, and urine) within the city of Ozersk and on the territory immediately adjacent to it in the impact zone of Mayak Production Center in the Southern Urals.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. For the quantitative determination of tritium in various aqueous media, sampling was carried out from 2002 to 2016. Samples were analyzed by the scintillation method using a single-stage electrolytic enrichment procedure.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Almost all aquatic environments in Ozersk in terms of their tritium content exceed the technogenic background established for the Ural region. On average, this excess is by 14, 11, 9, 19, 4, 6, 19 times for rainfall, snowfall, drinking water of residential premises, ice, the water of the Irtyash and B. Nanoga lakes, water from the source of the river Techa accordingly. Elevated concentrations of tritium in the urine of Ozersk people and the adjacent territory were noted in comparison with literature data for other regions of the world.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained research results revealed the levels of pollution of the aquatic environment of Ozersk with tritium relative to the level of technogenic background. These works indicate the need to develop a method for cleaning tritium emissions and discharges by nuclear enterprises to reduce the risk to the population.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тритий</kwd><kwd>г. Озёрск</kwd><kwd>ПО «Маяк»</kwd><kwd>дождевые осадки</kwd><kwd>снеговые выпадения</kwd><kwd>озёрная вода</kwd><kwd>питьевая вода</kwd><kwd>лёд</kwd><kwd>моча людей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tritium</kwd><kwd>Ozersk</kwd><kwd>Production association “Mayak”</kwd><kwd>rainfall</kwd><kwd>snowfall</kwd><kwd>lake water</kwd><kwd>drinking water</kwd><kwd>ice</kwd><kwd>urine of people</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смагин А.И. Экология промышленных водоёмов предприятия ядерного топливного цикла на Южном Урале. Озёрск; 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smagin A.I. Ecology of Industrial Reservoirs of a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Enterprise in the Southern Urals [Ekologiya promyshlennykh vodoemov predpriyatiya yadernogo toplivnogo tsikla na Yuzhnom Urale]. Ozersk; 2007. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махонько К.П., ред. Радиоактивное загрязнение территории СССР в 1986 г. Ежегодник. Обнинск: Тайфун; 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhon’ko K.P., ed. Radioactive Contamination of the USSR in 1986. Yearbook [Radioaktivnoe zagryaznenie territorii SSSR v 1986 g. Ezhegodnik]. Obninsk: Tayfun; 1987. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иваницкая М.В., Малофеева А.И. Источники поступления трития в окружающую среду. В кн.: Тритий - это опасно. Челябинск: Челябинский Дом печати; 2001: 22-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanitskaya M.V., Malofeeva A.I. Sources of tritium release to the environment. In: Tritium is Dangerous [Tritiy – eto opasno]. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskiy Dom pechati; 2001: 22−9. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дельвин Н.Н., Иванов А.Б., Крылов В.А., Носов А.В. Изучение содержания трития в водных объектах и приземной атмосфере в районе Калининской АЭС. В кн.: Экология регионов атомных станций. М.: Атомэнергопроект; 1996: 264-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Del’vin N.N., Ivanov A.B., Krylov V.A., Nosov A.V. Study of tritium content in water bodies and surface atmosphere in the Kalinin NPP area. In: Ecology of Regions of Nuclear Power Plants [Ekologiya regionov atomnykh stantsiy]. Moscow: Atomenergoproekt; 1996: 264–73. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гудков Д.И. Динамика содержания трития в пойменных водоёмах р. Припять и пруде-охладителе Чернобыльской АЭС. Радиационная биология. Радиоэкология. 1999; 39(6): 605-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gudkov D.I. Dynamics of tritium content in floodplain ponds of the river. Pripyat and the cooling pond of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Radiatsionnaya biologiya. Radioekologiya. 1999; 39(6): 605−8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеботина М.Я., Николин О.А. Радиоэкологические исследования трития в Уральском регионе. Екатеринбург; 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A. Radioecological Studies of Tritium in the Ural Region [Radioekologicheskie issledovaniya tritiya v Ural’skom regione]. Ekaterinburg; 2005. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеботина М.Я., Николин О.А., Мурашова Е.Л. Поступление трития на земную поверхность с дождевыми осадками. Водное хозяйство России. 2012; (5): 76-87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A., Murashova E.L. Tritium transport to the earth surface with rainfall. Vodnoe khozyaystvo Rossii. 2012; (5): 76−87. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеботина М.Я., Николин О.А., Мурашова Е.Л. Современные уровни концентраций трития в промышленных водоемах ФГУП ПО «Маяк». Вопросы радиационной безопасности. 2010; (4): 65-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A., Murashova E.L. Current levels of tritium concentration in FSUE Mayak PA industrial reservoirs. Voprosy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti. 2010; (4): 65−8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">НРБ-99/2009. Санитарные правила и нормативы. СанПИН 2.6.1.2523-09. Приложение 2а. М.; 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NRB-99/2009. Sanitary rules and regulations. SanPIN 2.6.1.2523-09. Appendix 2a. Moscow; 2009. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеботина М.Я., Николин О.А., Смагин А.И. Тритий в снеговом покрове в зонах воздействия предприятий ядерно-топливного цикла на Урале. Водное хозяйство России. 2014; (2): 102-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A., Smagin A.I. Tritium in the snow cover in the areas affected by the nuclear fuel cycle in the Urals. Vodnoe khozyaystvo Rossii. 2014; (2): 102−13. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">МУ 2.6.1.15-02. Тритий и его соединения. Контроль величины индивидуальной эффективной дозы. М.; 2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MU 2.6.1.15-02. Tritium and its compounds. Control of individual effective dose. Moscow; 2004. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балонов М.И., Чипига Л.А. Оценка дозы поступления окиси трития в организм человек: роль включения трития в органическое вещество тканей. Радиационная гигиена. 2016; 9(4): 16-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balonov M.I., Chipiga L.A. Dose assessment for intake of tritiated waterin humans: role of tritium incorporation in organic matter. Radiatsionnaya gigiena. 2016; 9(4): 16−24. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чеботина М.Я., Николин О.А., Бондарева Л.Г., Ракитский В.Н. Тритий в моче людей в зоне влияния Белоярской АЭС. Радиационная гигиена. 2016; 9(4): 87-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A., Bondareva L.G., Rakitskiy V.N. Tritium in urine of people living in the areaof influence of the Beloyarskaya NPP. Radiatsionnaya gigiena. 2016; 9(4): 87−92. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демин С.Н. Тритиевая проблема - гигиенические аспекты. В кн.: Тритий - это опасно. Челябинск: Челябинский Дом печати; 2001: 13-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demin S.N. The tritium problem is hygienic aspects. In: Tritium is Dangerous [Tritiy – eto opasno]. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskiy Dom pechati; 2001: 13–21. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мурашова Е.Л., Чудин В.А. Оценка содержания трития в организме взрослого населения города Озерска. Вопросы радиационной безопасности. 2002; (4): 57-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murashova E.L., Chudin V.A. Assessment of tritium content in the body of the adult population of the city of Ozersk. Voprosy radiatsionnoy bezopasnosti. 2002; (4): 57−60. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A. The current tritium concentrations in human urine in the area of nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 2012; 447(6): 390-391. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496612060117</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chebotina M.Ya., Nikolin O.A. The current tritium concentrations in human urine in the area of nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Doklady Akademii Nauk. 2012; 447(6): 390−391. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0012496612060117</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen B.M., Ji Y.Q., Tian Q., Shao X.Z., Yin L.L., Su X., et al. Determination of total tritium in urine from residents living in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Qinshan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2015; 12(1): 888-94. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100888</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen B.M., Ji Y.Q., Tian Q., Shao X.Z., Yin L.L., Su X., et al. Determination of total tritium in urine from residents living in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Qinshan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2015; 12(1): 888−94. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100888</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puhakainen M., Heikkenen T. Tritium in urine in Finnish people. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2008; 128(2): 254-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncm334</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puhakainen M., Heikkenen T. Tritium in urine in Finnish people. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2008; 128(2): 254−7. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncm334</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotzer T., Trivedi T. Dosimetric implications of atmospheric dispersal of tritium near a heavy-water research reactor facility. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2001; 93(1): 61-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006414</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotzer T., Trivedi T. Dosimetric implications of atmospheric dispersal of tritium near a heavy-water research reactor facility. Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry. 2001; 93(1): 61−6. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006414</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tritium analysis results of urine samples of Wolseong inhabitants living around heavy water reactor. WSNESC Report; 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tritium analysis results of urine samples of Wolseong inhabitants living around heavy water reactor. WSNESC Report; 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoon S., Ha W.H., Lee S.S. Tritium analysis of urine samples from the general Korean public. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2013; 81: 276-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.03.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoon S., Ha W.H., Lee S.S. Tritium analysis of urine samples from the general Korean public. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2013; 81: 276−8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.03.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлев В.Ф. Токсикология радиоактивных веществ. М.: Энерго-атомиздат; 1990</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravlev V.F. Toxicology of Radioactive Substances [Toksikologiya radioaktivnykh veshchestv]. Moscow: Energoatomizdat; 1990. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fairlie L. A hypothesis to explain childhood cancer near nuclear power plants. J. Environ. Radioact. 2014; 133: 10-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.07.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fairlie L. A hypothesis to explain childhood cancer near nuclear power plants. J. Environ. Radioact. 2014; 133: 10−7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.07.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wakeford R. The risk of leukaemia in young children from exposure to tritium and carbon-14 in the discharges of German nuclear power stations and in the fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2014; 53(2): 365-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-014-0516-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wakeford R. The risk of leukaemia in young children from exposure to tritium and carbon-14 in the discharges of German nuclear power stations and in the fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 2014; 53(2): 365−79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-014-0516-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
