<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-7-704-710</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-1576</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние наночастиц оксида цинка на организм крыс в остром и подостром экспериментах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Impact of toxicity effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats within acute and subacute experiments</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург.</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, 620014, Yekaterinburg, Russia.</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1442-6737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Привалова</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Privalova</surname><given-names>Iuliia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Iuliia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6819-3185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макеев</surname><given-names>О. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makeyev</surname><given-names>Oleg G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7827-498X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубарев</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubarev</surname><given-names>Ilia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2574-7472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шишкина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shishkina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5872-2001</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бушуева</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bushueva</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8750-9624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кацнельсон</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Katsnelson</surname><given-names>Boris A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский физико-технический институт; ФБУН «Институт естественных наук и математики» УрФУ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology; Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Институт естественных наук и математики» УрФУ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>704</fpage><lpage>710</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Привалова Л.И., Рябова Ю.В., Макеев О.Г., Зубарев И.В., Шишкина Е.В., Бушуева Т.В., Кацнельсон Б.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А., Привалова Л.И., Рябова Ю.В., Макеев О.Г., Зубарев И.В., Шишкина Е.В., Бушуева Т.В., Кацнельсон Б.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A., Privalova I.V., Ryabova I.V., Makeyev O.G., Zubarev I.V., Shishkina E.V., Bushueva T.N., Katsnelson B.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1576">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1576</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В медеплавильном производстве, особенно при выплавке латуни и меди, воздух рабочих помещений загрязнен наночастицами оксида цинка. Цинк и его соединения обладают широким спектром токсического действия с многообразной клинической симптоматикой. В основе многих проявлений цинковой интоксикации лежат конкурентные отношения с рядом других металлов – в том числе кальцием, медью, железом. При длительном введении лабораторным грызунам цинка или его соединений проявляется влияние на активность ферментов, углеводный и минеральный обмен.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Субхроническая интоксикация при повторных внутрибрюшинных введениях и острая реакция глубоких дыхательных путей на однократное интратрахеальное введение наночастиц цинка моделировалась на аутбредных белых крысах-самцах. В обеих экспериментальных моделях использовались водные суспензии наночастиц оксидов цинка диаметром 30–80 нм. По завершении экспозиции состояние организма крыс во всех группах оценивалось по ряду общепризнанных критериев токсического действия. Статистический анализ полученных результатов проводился с использованием t-критерия Стьюдента.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано развитие умеренной интоксикации в субхроническом эксперименте. Выявлены однородные ультраструктурные изменения ткани селезёнки, наиболее частыми из которых являются повреждение митохондрий с частичной или полной потерей крист. Статистически значимо увеличен коэффициент фрагментации ДНК. При однократном интратрахеальном введении наночастиц оксида цинка показано усиление аттракции способных к их фагоцитозу клеток (особенно нейтрофильных лейкоцитов) в глубокие дыхательные пути, что свидетельствует об их цитотоксическом действии.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявлено общетоксическое и цитотоксическое действие наночастиц оксида цинка на организм крыс.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: </p></sec><sec><title>Сутункова М</title><p>Сутункова М.П. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи;</p></sec><sec><title>Минигалиева И</title><p>Минигалиева И.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи;</p></sec><sec><title>Привалова Л</title><p>Привалова Л.И. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи;</p></sec><sec><title>Рябова Ю</title><p>Рябова Ю.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, статистическая обработка, подготовка рисунков;</p></sec><sec><title>Макеев О</title><p>Макеев О.Г. — сбор и обработка материала;</p></sec><sec><title>Зубарев И</title><p>Зубарев И.В. — сбор и обработка материала, подготовка рисунков;</p></sec><sec><title>Шишкина Е</title><p>Шишкина Е.В. — сбор и обработка материала;</p></sec><sec><title>Бушуева Т</title><p>Бушуева Т.В. — сбор и обработка материала; Кацнельсон Б.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Occupational air is contaminated with zinc oxide nanoparticles in the copper smelting industry, especially in the smelting of brass and copper. A wide range of toxic effects with varied clinical symptomatology is observed in zinc and its compounds. Competitive relations with many other metals, including calcium, copper, and iron, are the foundation of most cases of zinc intoxication. Long-term administration of zinc or its compounds to laboratory rodents affects enzymes, carbohydrates and mineral metabolism.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Subchronic intoxication with repeated intraperitoneal injections and acute low respiratory tract reaction to a single intratracheal injection of zinc nanoparticles were simulated in outbred white rats. Water suspensions of zinc oxide nanoparticles with a 30-80 nm diameter were applied in both experimental models. Upon completion of the exposure, the condition of the rats in all groups was evaluated in many generally accepted criteria for toxicity. The student’s t-test was applied for statistical analysis of the obtained data.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Moderate intoxication development in a subchronic experiment is demonstrated. Homogeneous ultrastructural changes in the spleen tissue were revealed. Mitochondrial damage with partial or complete loss of crista is the most common. The fragmentation ratio of DNA was found by a statistically significant increase. A single intratracheal injection of zinc oxide nanoparticles revealed the increase in the attraction of cells capable of their phagocytosis (mainly neutrophils) into the low respiratory tract. This shows their cytotoxicity.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Moderate general toxic and cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the rat body were identified.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:</p></sec><sec><title>Sutunkova M</title><p>Sutunkova M.P. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;</p></sec><sec><title>Minigalieva I</title><p>Minigalieva I.A. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;</p></sec><sec><title>Privalova L</title><p>Privalova L.I. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing;</p></sec><sec><title>Ryabova Iu</title><p>Ryabova Iu.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, preparation of drawings;</p></sec><sec><title>Makeyev O</title><p>Makeyev O.G. — collection and processing of material;</p></sec><sec><title>Zubarev I</title><p>Zubarev I.V. — concept and design of the study, preparation of drawings;</p></sec><sec><title>Shishkina E</title><p>Shishkina E.V. — collection and processing of material;</p></sec><sec><title>Bushueva T</title><p>Bushueva T.V. — collection and processing of material;</p></sec><sec><title>Katsnelson B</title><p>Katsnelson B.A. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing.</p><p>Approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article – all co-authors.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цинк</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>zinc</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>genotoxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piccinno F., Gottschalk F., Seeger S., Nowack B. Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials for Europe and the world. J. Nanopart. Res. 2012; 14(9): 109-1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1109-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piccinno F., Gottschalk F., Seeger S., Nowack B. Industrial production quantities and uses of ten engineered nanomaterials for Europe and the world. J. Nanopart. Res. 2012; 14(9): 109–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-1109-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao L., Liu C., Chen X., Yang Z. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce renal toxicity through reactive oxygen species. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2016; 90: 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao L., Liu C., Chen X., Yang Z. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce renal toxicity through reactive oxygen species. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2016; 90: 76–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holmes A.M., Kempson I.M., Turnbull T., Paterson D., Robertsad M.S. Imaging the penetration and distribution of zinc and zinc species after topical application of zinc pyrithione to human skin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2018; 343: 40-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holmes A.M., Kempson I.M., Turnbull T., Paterson D., Robertsad M.S. Imaging the penetration and distribution of zinc and zinc species after topical application of zinc pyrithione to human skin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2018; 343: 40–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.02.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хантурина Г.Р., Ибраева Л.К., Норцева М.А. Цитогенетические нарушения при интоксикации солями цинка и меди. Современные наукоемкие технологии. 2011; (3): 13-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanturina G.R., Ibraeva L.K., Nortseva M.A. Cytogenetic disorders in intoxication with salts of zinc and copper. Sovremennye naukoemkie tekhnologii. 2011; (3): 13–5. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Subramaniam V.D., Prasad S.V., Banerjee A., Gopinath M., Murugesan R., Marotta F., et al. Health hazards of nanoparticles: understanding the toxicity mechanism of nanosized ZnO in cosmetic products. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2019; 42(1): 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1491987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Subramaniam V.D., Prasad S.V., Banerjee A., Gopinath M., Murugesan R., Marotta F., et al. Health hazards of nanoparticles: understanding the toxicity mechanism of nanosized ZnO in cosmetic products. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2019; 42(1): 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1491987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ВОЗ. Цинк: Гигиенические критерии состояния окружающей среды. Женева; 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Zinc: Hygienic criteria for the state of the environment. Geneva; 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Божанова Т.П. Влияние свинца и других тяжелых металлов на здоровье детей. Токсикологический вестник. 1995; (5): 36-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bozhanova T.P. Influence of lead and other heavy metals on children’s health. Toksikologicheskiy vestnik. 1995; (5): 36–8. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">СанПиН 1.2.2353-08. Канцерогенные факторы и основные требования к профилактике канцерогенной опасности. М.; 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">SanPiN 1.2.2353-08. Carcinogenic factors and basic requirements for the prevention of carcinogenic hazards. Moscow; 2008. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моргалев Ю.Н., Гостева И.А., Моргалева Т.Г., Моргалев С.Ю., Костенко Е.В., Кудрявцев Б.А. Параметры эмбриогенеза рыб Danio repio как индикаторы экологической токсичности наночастиц окиси цинка. Российские нанотехнологии. 2018; 13(5-6): 97-102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgalev Yu.N., Gosteva I.A., Morgaleva T.G., Morgalev S.Yu., Kostenko E.V., Kudryavtsev B.A. Parameters of embryogenesis in zebrafish danio rerio as indicators of the ecological toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Rossiyskie nanotekhnologii. 2018; 13(5–6): 311–6. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1995078018030114 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Babele P.K., Thakre P.K, Kumawat R., Tomar R.S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity by affecting cell wall integrity pathway, mitochondrial function and lipid homeostasis in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chemosphere. 2018; 213: 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Babele P.K., Thakre P.K, Kumawat R., Tomar R.S. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity by affecting cell wall integrity pathway, mitochondrial function and lipid homeostasis in saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chemosphere. 2018; 213: 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.028</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang С., Cheng K., Zhou L., He J., Zheng X., Zhang L., et al. Evaluation of long-term toxicity of oral zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc sulfate in mice. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 2017; 178(2): 276-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-0934-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang С., Cheng K., Zhou L., He J., Zheng X., Zhang L., et al. Evaluation of long-term toxicity of oral zinc oxide nanoparticles and zinc sulfate in mice. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 2017; 178(2): 276–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-0934-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Panov V.G., Privalova L.I., Varaksin A.N., Gurvich V.B., et al. In vivo toxicity of copper oxide, lead oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles acting in different combinations and its attenuation with a complex of innocuous bio-protectors. Toxicology. 2017; 380: 72-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Panov V.G., Privalova L.I., Varaksin A.N., Gurvich V.B., et al. In vivo toxicity of copper oxide, lead oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles acting in different combinations and its attenuation with a complex of innocuous bio-protectors. Toxicology. 2017; 380: 72–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poier N., Hochstöger J., Hackenberg S., Scherzad A., Bregenzer M., Schopper D., et al. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in HUVEC: cyto- and genotoxicity and functional impairment after long-term and repetitive exposure in vitro. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020; 15: 4441-52. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s246797</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poier N., Hochstöger J., Hackenberg S., Scherzad A., Bregenzer M., Schopper D., et al. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in HUVEC: cyto- and genotoxicity and functional impairment after long-term and repetitive exposure in vitro. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2020; 15: 4441–52. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s246797</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences и the International Council For Laboratory Animal Science; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences и the International Council For Laboratory Animal Science; 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Розин М.А. Определение некоторых временных характеристик сгибательного рефлекса задних конечностей животных. Воспроизведение заболеваний у животных для экспериментально-терапевтических исследований. Ленинград; 1954.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozin M.A. Determination of Some Temporal Characteristics of the Flexion Reflex of the Hind Limbs of Animals. Reproduction of Diseases in Animals for Experimental Therapeutic Research [Opredelenie nekotorykh vremennykh kharakteristik sgibatel’nogo refleksa zadnikh konechnostey zhivotnykh. Vosproizvedenie zabolevaniy u zhivotnykh dlya eksperimental’no-terapevticheskikh issledovaniy]. Leningrad; 1954. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нарциссов Р.П. Применение n-нитротетразолия фиолетового для количественной цитохимии дегидрогеназ лимфоцитов человека. Архив анатомии, гистологии и эмбриологии. 1969; 56(5): 85-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nartsissov R.P. Application of n-nitrotetrazolium violet for quantitative cytochemistry of human lymphocyte dehydrogenases. Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i embriologii. 1969; 56(5): 85–91. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Меньшиков В.В. Лабораторные методы исследования в клинике: Справочник. М.; 1987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Men’shikov V.V. Laboratory Research Methods in the Clinic: Handbook [Laboratornye metody issledovaniya v klinike: Spravochnik]. Moscow; 1987. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Степанков М.С, Игнатова М.А. Оценка токсичности и потенциальной опасности наночастиц оксида алюминия для здоровья человека. Экология человека. 2018; (5): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2018-5-9-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Stepankov M.S, Ignatova M.A. Scientific forecasting of toxicity and evaluation of hazard potential of aluminum oxide nanoparticles for human health. Ekologiya cheloveka. 2018; (5): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2018-5-9-15 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Date А.A., Hanes J., Ensign L.M. Nanoparticles for oral delivery: design, evaluation and state-of-the-art. J. Control. Release. 2016; 240: 504-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Date А.A., Hanes J., Ensign L.M. Nanoparticles for oral delivery: design, evaluation and state-of-the-art. J. Control. Release. 2016; 240: 504–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Privalova L.I. Sutunkova M.P., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Combined subchronic toxicity of aluminum (III), titanium (IV) and silicon (IV) oxide nanoparticles and its alleviation with a complex of bioprotectors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018; 19(3): 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030837</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Privalova L.I. Sutunkova M.P., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Combined subchronic toxicity of aluminum (III), titanium (IV) and silicon (IV) oxide nanoparticles and its alleviation with a complex of bioprotectors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018; 19(3): 837. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030837</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Privalova L.I., Sutunkova M.P., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Attenuation of combined nickel (II) oxide and manganese (II, III) oxide nanoparticles’ adverse effects with a complex of bioprotectors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16(9): 2555-83. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160922555</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Minigalieva I.A., Katsnelson B.A., Privalova L.I., Sutunkova M.P., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Attenuation of combined nickel (II) oxide and manganese (II, III) oxide nanoparticles’ adverse effects with a complex of bioprotectors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16(9): 2555–83. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160922555</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sutunkova M.P., Solovyeva S.N., Chernyshov I.N., Klinova S.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Manifestation of systemic toxicity in rats after a short-time inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020; 21(3): 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030690</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sutunkova M.P., Solovyeva S.N., Chernyshov I.N., Klinova S.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Manifestation of systemic toxicity in rats after a short-time inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020; 21(3): 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030690</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Privalova L.I., Katsnelson B.A., Loginova N.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., Beikin Ya.B., et al. Some characteristics of free cell population in the airways of rats after intratracheal instillation of copper-containing nano-scale particles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014; 15(11): 21538-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151121538</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Privalova L.I., Katsnelson B.A., Loginova N.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., Beikin Ya.B., et al. Some characteristics of free cell population in the airways of rats after intratracheal instillation of copper-containing nano-scale particles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014; 15(11): 21538–53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms151121538</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кацнельсон Б.А., Привалова Л.И., Дегтярёва Т.Д., Сутункова М.П., Ерёменко О.С., Ходос М.Я. и соавт. Сравнительная оценка реакции альвеолярного фагоцитоза на интратрахеальное введение частиц магнетита (Fe3O4) нано- и микрометрового диапазонов. Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2010; (2): 12-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsnel’son B.A., Privalova L.I., Degtyareva T.D., Sutunkova M.P., Eremenko O.S., Khodos M.Ya., et al. Comparative evaluation of the reaction of alveolar phagocytosis to the intrastracheal administration of magnetite (Fe3O4) particles in the nano-and micrometer ranges. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya. 2010; (2): 12–6. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
