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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-7-717-723</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-1578</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ПИТАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOOD HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение контаминации сухофруктов токсигенными плесневыми грибами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dried fruits marketed in Russian: toxigenic mold contamination</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-5735</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минаева</surname><given-names>Людмила Павловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minaeva</surname><given-names>Lyudmila P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. техн. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. биобезопасности и анализа нутримикробиома ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи», 109240, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: liuminaeva-ion@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Technical Sciences, senior researcher at the laboratory of biosafety and nutrimicrobiome analysis, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: liuminaeva-ion@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liuminaeva-ion@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-7716</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полянина</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyanina</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-0886</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>Mariya G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9371-8163</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чалый</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chalyy</surname><given-names>Zakhar A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-0326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ефимочкина</surname><given-names>Н. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Efimochkina</surname><given-names>Natalia R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5647-9709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевелева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheveleva</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>717</fpage><lpage>723</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Минаева Л.П., Полянина А.С., Киселева М.Г., Чалый З.А., Ефимочкина Н.Р., Шевелева С.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Минаева Л.П., Полянина А.С., Киселева М.Г., Чалый З.А., Ефимочкина Н.Р., Шевелева С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Minaeva L.P., Polyanina A.S., Kiseleva M.G., Chalyy Z.A., Efimochkina N.R., Sheveleva S.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1578">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1578</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Сухофрукты – ценный источник пищевых волокон, ряда витаминов и минеральных элементов в рационе питания населения. Однако высокое содержание легкодоступных углеводов делает этот вид продукции уязвимым к контаминации плесневыми грибами, наибольшую опасность среди которых представляют токсигенные виды. Но научной информации о загрязнённости сухофруктов, представленных на российском рынке, плесневыми грибами – продуцентами микотоксинов практически нет, что не позволяет судить об этом аспекте безопасности пищи.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Культуральными методами анализа изучена контаминация плесневыми грибами и бактериями 57 образцов сухофруктов 7 популярных в России видов. Из сухофруктов выделены моноспоровые изоляты плесневых грибов, токсинообразование которых исследовано в условиях in vitro, анализ микотоксинов проводили методом УВЭЖХ-МС/МС в режиме мультидетекции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В целом микробная загрязнённость сухофруктов, в большинстве обусловленная плесневыми грибами, была низкой: 87,7% образцов отвечали установленным микробиологическим нормативам. При этом наибольшей степенью загрязнённости отличались финики. В микофлоре всех видов сухофруктов доминировали виды Aspergillus. Среди выделенных 33 изолятов плесеней 45,5% оказались токсигенными, способными в условиях in vitro к биосинтезу значительных количеств нескольких видов микотоксинов, включая эмерджентные. У штаммов Aspergillus секции Nigri обнаружена фумонизин- и охратоксин-продуцирующая активность. На модельных средах у отдельных штаммов накопление микотоксинов превышало значения, нормируемые в пищевой продукции, в том числе (в мкг/кг): для афлатоксинов B1 – более 32 000 и B2 – 3230, фумонизина B2 – более 3100, охратоксина А – до 4,3; для эмерджентных накопление достигало: стеригматоцистина – до 6 218 220 и цитреовиридина – 153.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Плесневые грибы являются основным видом микрофлоры, контаминирующей сухофрукты. Установлена способность плесневых изолятов из сухофруктов к образованию микотоксинов, среди которых выявлены высокотоксигенные штаммы. Это свидетельствует о наличии потенциального риска загрязнения данного вида пищевой продукции микотоксинами, в том числе не нормируемыми в ней, и возможном увеличении их содержания в рационах потребителей за счёт данного источника. Полученные результаты обосновывают необходимость широкого мониторинга продуцентов микотоксинов в сухофруктах для прогноза риска токсинообразования и связи конкретных микотоксинов с определёнными видами сухофруктов. Наличие токсигенной активности у плесневых грибов, выделенных из сухофруктов, показано в России впервые.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: </p></sec><sec><title>Минаева Л</title><p>Минаева Л.П. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка результатов микробиологических исследований, написание и редактирование текста, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи;</p></sec><sec><title>Полянина А</title><p>Полянина А.С., Ефимочкина Н.Р. – сбор и обработка результатов микробиологических исследований;</p></sec><sec><title>Киселева М</title><p>Киселева М.Г., Чалый З.А. – сбор и обработка результатов УВЭЖХ-МС/МС исследований;</p></sec><sec><title>Шевелева С</title><p>Шевелева С.А. – редактирование. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено при финансировании РНФ (грант № 18-16-00077).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Dried fruits are a valuable source of dietary fibre, many vitamins and minerals in the population’s diet. However, the high content of readily available carbohydrates makes this type of product vulnerable to mould contamination. The greatest danger among which are toxigenic species. But there is practically no scientific information about the contamination presented on the Russian market dried fruits with moulds producing mycotoxins. That does not allow judging about this aspect of food safety. </p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Contamination with moulds and bacteria of 57 samples of dried fruits of 7 species popular in Russia was studied using cultural methods of analysis. Monospore isolates of moulds were isolated from dried fruits; in vitro mycotoxins production studied; by UHPLC-MS / MS analyzed mycotoxins in the multidetection mode.</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. In general, the microbial contamination of dried fruits was low: 87.7% of the samples met the established microbiological standards, in most cases, moulds caused it. At the same time, the highest frequency and levels of contamination were found in dates. Aspergillus sp. dominated in the micoflora of all types of dried fruits. Among the isolated 33 strains of moulds, 45.5% turned out to be toxigenic and, in vitro, were capable of biosynthesis of significant amounts of several types of mycotoxins, including emergent mycotoxins. Fumonisin- and ochratoxin-producing activities have been found in Aspergillus strains of the Nigri section. In model experiments, the accumulation of mycotoxins in individual strains exceeded the level normalized in grain products, including (in μg/kg): for aflatoxins B1 - more than 32000 and B2 - 3230; fumonisin B2 - more than 3100; ochratoxin A up to 4.3; for emergent accumulation reached: sterigmatocystin up to 6218220 and citreoviridine - 153. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Moulds are the main type of microflora that contaminates dried fruits. The ability of mould isolates from dried fruits to form mycotoxins has been established, among which highly toxigenic strains have been identified. This indicates the presence of a potential risk of contamination of this type of food with unregulated mycotoxins and a possible increase in their content in the diets of consumers. The results obtained substantiate the need for extensive monitoring of mycotoxin producers in dried fruits. This is important for predicting the risk of toxin formation and identifying the relationship of specific mycotoxins with certain types of dried fruits. The presence of toxigenic activity of moulds isolated from dried fruits has been shown in Russia for the first time.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: </p></sec><sec><title>Minaeva L</title><p>Minaeva L.P. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material of microbiological studies, writing and editing of the manuscript, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;</p></sec><sec><title>Polyanina A</title><p>Polyanina A.S., Efimochkina N.R. — collection and processing of material of microbiological studies;</p></sec><sec><title>Kiseleva M</title><p>Kiseleva M.G., Chalyy Z.A. — collection and processing of material UHPLC-MS/MS research results;</p></sec><sec><title>Sheveleva S</title><p>Sheveleva S.A. — editing.</p><p>All authors — approval of the final version of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant No 18‐16‐00077).</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>токсигенные штаммы</kwd><kwd>Aspergillus</kwd><kwd>токсинообразование</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>микотоксины</kwd><kwd>эмерджентные микотоксины</kwd><kwd>УВЭЖХ-МС/МС</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>toxigenic strains</kwd><kwd>Aspergillus</kwd><kwd>mycotoxins production</kwd><kwd>in vitro</kwd><kwd>mycotoxins</kwd><kwd>emergent mycotoxins</kwd><kwd>UHPLC-MS/MS</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анализ рынка сушеных овощей, грибов, сухофруктов и орехов в России в 2014-2018 гг., прогноз на 2019-2023 гг. 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