medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-10-1151-1156medlit-1791Research ArticleМЕТОДЫ ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙMETHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONSЦитомный анализ: современный универсальный инструмент медико-биологических и эколого-гигиенических исследований (обзор литературы). Часть 1Cytomic analysis: a modern universal tool for biomedical and ecological and hygienic research (literature review). Part 1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5039-8980КривцоваЕлена КонстантиновнаKrivtsovaElena K.

Науч. сотр. отд. профилактической токсикологии и медико-биологических исследований НИИ ЭЧ и ГОС им. А.Н. Сысина ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва.

e-mail: EKrivcova@cspmz.ru

MD, researcher of the Department of Preventive Toxicology and Biomedical Research in the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation.

e-mail: EKrivcova@cspmz.ru

ekrivcova@cspmz.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-6800ИнгельФ. И.IngelFaina I.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3619-3858АхальцеваЛ. В.AkhaltsevaLyudmila V.noemail@neicon.ruФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентстваРоссияCentre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological AgencyRussian Federation2021101120211001011511156Copyright © Кривцова Е.К., Ингель Ф.И., Ахальцева Л.В., 20212021Кривцова Е.К., Ингель Ф.И., Ахальцева Л.В.Krivtsova E.K., Ingel F.I., Akhaltseva L.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/1791

Понимание связи злокачественного перерождения клеток с генетической нестабильностью существует уже давно. Такие маркеры генетической нестабильности, как микроядра (МЯ) и ядерные аномалии (нуклеоплазменные мосты (НПМ) и протрузии ядра), рассматриваются как признаки злокачественного роста. Однако долгое время в них видели лишь побочный продукт генетической нестабильности, удобный инструмент для её изучения. Только исследования последних десятилетий с привлечением новейших методов молекулярно-генетического анализа (секвенирования генома индивидуальной клетки, длительного прижизненного микроскопирования и мечения индивидуальных хромосом, гибридизации in situ и т. д.) позволили установить, что перестройки генетического материала раковых клеток являются гораздо более глубокими и массивными, чем представлялось ранее. Кроме того, оказалось, что МЯ играют активную роль в поддержании состояния хромосомной нестабильности в клеточной популяции. В данном обзоре изложены современные представления о процессах, приводящих к возникновению нестабильных геномов, — о явлении «геномного хаоса» и его частном случае, хромотрипсисе. Также рассмотрены молекулярно-биологические особенности МЯ и их роль в жизни клетки и целого организма. Рассмотрено значение МЯ как диагностических и прогностических показателей при онкологических, нейродегенеративных и многих других заболеваниях. Большое внимание уделено применению цитомного анализа на лимфоцитах периферической крови и эпителиоцитах человека в медицинских исследованиях. Высказывается предположение, что в медицинских исследованиях цитомный анализ может служить инструментом для выявления людей, относящихся к группе повышенного генетического риска.

При подборе литературы использованы базы данных PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Scopus, eLibrary.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов:

Кривцова Е

Кривцова Е.К. — поиск источников литературы, анализ и интерпретация данных литературы, написание текста;

Ингель Ф

Ингель Ф.И. — концепция и дизайн исследования, поиск источников литературы;

Ахальцева Л

Ахальцева Л.В. — поиск источников литературы, анализ и интерпретация данных литературы.

Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Поступила 27

Поступила 27.04.2021 / Принята к печати 28.09.2021 / Опубликована 31.10.2021

The understanding of the connection between malignant cell transformation and genetic instability has existed for a long time. Such markers of genetic instability as micronuclei (MN) and nuclear abnormalities — nucleoplasmic bridges (NPM) and nuclear buds are signs of malignant growth. However, they were seen only as a by-product of genetic instability, a convenient tool for its study for a long time. Only the studies of recent decades that used the latest methods of molecular genetic analysis (genome sequencing of an individual cell, long-term intravital microscopy and individual chromosomes labelling, hybridization in situ, etc.) have made it possible to establish that the rearrangements of the genetic material in cancer cells are much deeper and more massive than it thought to be. In addition, MN turned out to play an active role in maintaining the state of chromosomal instability in the cell population. This review outlines the current understanding of the processes leading to the emergence of unstable genomes — the phenomenon of «genomic chaos» and its particular case, chromothripsis. The molecular biological features of MN and their role in cellular life and the life of the whole organism are also considered. The significance of MN as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in oncological, neurodegenerative and many other diseases has been analyzed. Much attention is paid to the use of cytome analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes and human epithelial cells in medical research. It has been suggested that, when used in medical research, cytome analysis can serve as a tool to identify individuals with higher cancer risk.

We used the PubMed, Web of Science, ResearchGate, Scopus, eLibrary databases as the sources of literature.

Contribution

Contribution:

Krivtsova E

Krivtsova E.K. — search of literature sources, analysis and interpretation of literature data, writing a text;

Ingel F

Ingel F.I. — the concept and design of the study, a search of literature sources;

Akhaltseva L

Akhaltseva L.V. — search of literature sources, analysis and interpretation of literature data.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: April 27, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.