medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-9-1086-1092medlit-2554Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВHYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSОценка риска, связанного с химическим загрязнением воздушной среды спортивных сооружений, для здоровья детейAssessment of the risk associated with chemical pollution of air environment of sports facilities for children’s healthhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0169-4513МыльниковаИ. В.MylnikovaInna V.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7218-2147ЕфимоваНаталья ВасильевнаEfimovaNatalia V.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, вед. науч. сотр. лаб. эколого-гигиенических исследований ФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований», 665826, Ангарск.

e-mail: medecolab@inbox.ru

MD, PhD, DSci., Professor, a leading researcher of the Laboratory of environmental and hygieniс research East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research, East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research, Angarsk, 665826, Russian Federation.

e-mail: medecolab@inbox.ru

medecolab@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6809-4707КудаевА. Н.KudaevAndrey N.noemail@neicon.ruФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований»РоссияEast-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological ResearchRussian Federation202208102022101910861092Copyright © Мыльникова И.В., Ефимова Н.В., Кудаев А.Н., 20222022Мыльникова И.В., Ефимова Н.В., Кудаев А.Н.Mylnikova I.V., Efimova N.V., Kudaev A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/2554Введение

Введение. Краткосрочное и хроническое воздействие химических веществ в сочетании с физической активностью в эксперименте сопровождается комплексом нарушений в деятельности дыхательной, иммунной и других систем.

Цель — дать оценку риска для здоровья детей при краткосрочном воздействии химических веществ, загрязняющих воздушную среду открытых и закрытых спортивных сооружений.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Качество воздушной среды спортивных помещений в детско-юношеских спортивных школах и общеобразовательных организациях изучали по результатам разовых проб воздуха; открытых площадок — на основании данных о среднемесячных и максимальных разовых концентрациях, зарегистрированных на постах гидрометеослужбы в 2017–2021 гг. Рассчитаны риски при краткосрочном воздействии для закрытых и открытых спортивных сооружений.

Результаты

Результаты. На фоне единичного превышения максимальных разовых (в спортзалах) и среднемесячных (в атмосфере) концентраций химических веществ выявлены риски нарушения здоровья детей, занимающихся спортом. Максимальный долевой вклад в величину индекса опасности для респираторной системы в воздухе крытой ледовой арены вносит формальдегид (58,3%), в воздухе спортивных залов школ — взвешенные вещества (47,3%). Оценка влияния загрязнения атмосферного воздуха выявила сезонную динамику, подтверждающую значимость выбросов систем теплоэнергетики при формировании нарушений здоровья. В отношении РМ10 максимальные HQ = 3,1–3,9 установлены в декабре и январе, в летний период они в 3–4 раза ниже. Содержанием в воздушной среде мелкодисперсных частиц PM2,5 обусловлен чрезвычайно высокий риск в мае (HQ = 12,5). В зимние дни с высоким загрязнением величина индекса опасности находится в пределах HQ = 1,0–2,5.

Ограничения исследования обусловлены небольшим количеством проб воздуха закрытых помещений и неполной информацией о пороге негативного влияния при остром воздействии химических веществ, накопленной к настоящему времени.

Заключение

Заключение. Создание безопасных условий для здоровья детей, занимающихся спортом, возможно при дальнейшем изучении краткосрочного воздействия и определении референтных концентраций химических веществ в атмосферном воздухе и воздушной среде спортивных помещений.

Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено Этическим комитетом ФГБНУ ВСИМЭИ (заключение ЛЭК № 1 от 27.01.2022 г.).

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Ефимова Н.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста; Мыльникова И.В. — статистическая обработка данных, написание текста; Кудаев А.Н. — организация исследования, сбор материала, статистическая обработка данных. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках средств, выделяемых для выполнения государственного задания ФГБНУ ВСИМЭИ.

Поступила

Поступила: 17.06.2022 / Принята к печати: 04.08.2022 / Опубликована: 30.09.2022

Introduction

Introduction. Acute and chronic exposure to chemicals is accompanied by a complex of disorders in the activity of the respiratory, immune and other systems.

Purpose is to assess the health risk to children from short-term exposure to pollutants in air of out- and indoor sports facilities.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The air quality of ice arenas, sports halls for martial arts and sports halls in schools was studied using maximum samples; out-door air — according to the average monthly and maximum concentrations registered in 2017–2021. The risks of acute exposure for indoor and outdoor sports facilities are calculated.

Results

Results. Against the background of a single excess of the maximum one-time (in gyms) and average monthly (in the atmosphere) concentrations of chemicals, risks to the health of children involved in sports were identified. The maximum share contribution to hazard index (HI) for the respiratory system in the air of the ice arena is made by formaldehyde (58.3%), in school halls — by suspended solids (47.3%). The seasonal dynamics of pollution is revealed, which confirms the importance of thermal power emissions. The maximum Hazard Quotient (HQ) РМ10 = 3.1–3.9 is established in winter, and in summer it is 3–4 times lower. The content of PM2.5 in the air is responsible for the extremely high risk in May (HQ = 12.5). The limitation of the results is due to the lack of indoor studies and insufficient knowledge on the impact of acute health effects.

Limitations the results are due to the small number of indoor studies and insufficient knowledge about the impact of acute health outcomes.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Further study of the short-term effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution from sports facilities is needed.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (conclusion of the LEC No. 1 of January 27, 2022).

Contribution

Contribution: Efimova N.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text; Mylnikova I.V. — statistical data processing, text writing; Kudaev A.N. — organization of research, collection of material, writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received

Received: June 17, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: August 30, 2022 

риск для здоровьявоздушная среда помещенийатмосферный воздухзагрязненияспортивные сооруженияhealth riskindoor air environmentatmospheric airpollutionsports facilitiesReferencesCunningham G.B., Wicker P., McCullough B.P. Pollution, health, and the moderating role of physical activity opportunities.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(17): 6272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176272Cunningham G.B., Wicker P., McCullough B.P. Pollution, health, and the moderating role of physical activity opportunities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(17): 6272. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176272Чанчаева Е.А., Лапин В.С., Кузнецова О.В., Куриленко Т.К., Айзман Р.И. Оценка эколого-гигиенических условий подготовки спортсменов в г. Горно-Алтайске. Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2021; 21(4): 7-13Chanchaeva E.A., Lapin V.S., Kuznetsova O.V., Kurilenko T.K., Ayzman R.I. Assessment of environmental and hygienic conditions of training in Gorno-Altaisk. Chelovek. Sport. Meditsina. 2021; 21(4): 7–13. (in Russian)Dong J., Zhang S., Xia L., Yu Y., Hu S., Sun J., et al. Physical activity, a critical exposure factor of environmental pollution in children and adolescents health risk assessment.Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018; 15(2): 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020176Dong J., Zhang S., Xia L., Yu Y., Hu S., Sun J., et al. Physical activity, a critical exposure factor of environmental pollution in children and adolescents health risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018; 15(2): 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020176Xia L. Research on the Recommended Value of Outdoor Physical Activity Exposure Factor of Children and Adolescents in Polluted Air in Shanghai. Shanghai, China: Tongji University; 2017.Xia L. Research on the Recommended Value of Outdoor Physical Activity Exposure Factor of Children and Adolescents in Polluted Air in Shanghai. Shanghai, China: Tongji University; 2017.An R., Kang H, Cao L., Xiang X. Engagement in outdoor physical activity under ambient fine particulate matter pollution: A risk-benefit analysis. J. Sport Health Sci. 2020; 11(4): 537-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.09.008An R., Kang H, Cao L., Xiang X. Engagement in outdoor physical activity under ambient fine particulate matter pollution: A risk-benefit analysis. J. Sport Health Sci. 2020; 11(4): 537–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.09.008Tainio M., Jovanovic Andersen Z., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Hu L., de Nazelle A., An R., et al. Air pollution, physical activity and health: A mapping review of the evidence. Environ.Int. 2021; 147: 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105954Tainio M., Jovanovic Andersen Z., Nieuwenhuijsen M.J., Hu L., de Nazelle A., An R., et al. Air pollution, physical activity and health: A mapping review of the evidence. Environ. Int. 2021; 147: 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105954Zoladz J.A., Nieckarz Z. Marathon race performance increases the amount of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory system of runners: an incentive for “clean air marathon runs”. PeerJ. 2021; 9: e11562. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11562Zoladz J.A., Nieckarz Z. Marathon race performance increases the amount of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory system of runners: an incentive for “clean air marathon runs”. PeerJ. 2021; 9: e11562. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11562Averett N. Exercising in polluted areas: study suggests benefits outweigh the health risks of NO2 exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2015; 123(6): A158. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.123-A158Averett N. Exercising in polluted areas: study suggests benefits outweigh the health risks of NO2 exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2015; 123(6): A158. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.123-A158Rundell K.W., Smoliga J.M., Bougault V. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and the air we breathe. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 2018; (2): 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2018.01.009Rundell K.W., Smoliga J.M., Bougault V. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and the air we breathe. Immunol. Allergy Clin. North Am. 2018; (2): 183–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2018.01.009Shendell D.G., Gonzalez L.N., Panchella J.A., Morrell J. Time-resolved characterization of indoor air quality due to human activity and likely outdoor sources during early evening secondary school wrestling matches. J. Environ. Public Health. 2021; 2021: 5580616. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5580616Shendell D.G., Gonzalez L.N., Panchella J.A., Morrell J. Time-resolved characterization of indoor air quality due to human activity and likely outdoor sources during early evening secondary school wrestling matches. J. Environ. Public Health. 2021; 2021: 5580616. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5580616Bae H.R., Chandy M., Aguilera J., Smith E.M., Nadeau K.C., Wu J.C., et al. Adverse effects of air pollution-derived fine particulate matter on cardiovascular homeostasis and disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2021; 3(1): S1050-1738(21)00116-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2021.09.010Bae H.R., Chandy M., Aguilera J., Smith E.M., Nadeau K.C., Wu J.C., et al. Adverse effects of air pollution-derived fine particulate matter on cardiovascular homeostasis and disease. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 2021; 3(1): S1050-1738(21)00116-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2021.09.010Decaesteker T., Vanhoffelen E., Trekels K., Jonckheere A.C., Cremer J., Vanstapel A., et al. Differential effects of intense exercise and pollution on the airways in a murine model. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2021; 18(1): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-021-00401-6Decaesteker T., Vanhoffelen E., Trekels K., Jonckheere A.C., Cremer J., Vanstapel A., et al. Differential effects of intense exercise and pollution on the airways in a murine model. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2021; 18(1): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-021-00401-6Morici G., Cibella F., Cogo A., Palange P., Bonsignore M.R. Respiratory effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants during exercise. Front. Public Health. 2020; 8: 575137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137Morici G., Cibella F., Cogo A., Palange P., Bonsignore M.R. Respiratory effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants during exercise. Front. Public Health. 2020; 8: 575137. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137Meng H., Zhang X., Xiao J., Zhang Y., Lin W., Li Z. A simple physical-activity-based model for managing children’s activities against exposure to air pollutants. J. Environ. Manage. 2021; 279: 111823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111823Meng H., Zhang X., Xiao J., Zhang Y., Lin W., Li Z. A simple physical-activity-based model for managing children’s activities against exposure to air pollutants. J. Environ. Manage. 2021; 279: 111823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111823Han Y., Zhu T. Health effects of fine particles (PM2.5) in ambient air. Sci. China Life Sci. 2015; 58(6): 624-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-015-4878-4Han Y., Zhu T. Health effects of fine particles (PM2.5) in ambient air. Sci. China Life Sci. 2015; 58(6): 624–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-015-4878-4Kowalska M., Kocot K. Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2,5 and PM10) and the risk of heart rhythm abnormalities and stroke. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online). 2016; 70(0): 1017-25. https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1220389Kowalska M., Kocot K. Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2,5 and PM10) and the risk of heart rhythm abnormalities and stroke. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online). 2016; 70(0): 1017–25. https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1220389Xing Y.F., Xu Y.H., Shi M.H., Lian Y.X. The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. J. Thorac. Dis. 2016; 8(1): E69-74. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.19Xing Y.F., Xu Y.H., Shi M.H., Lian Y.X. The impact of PM2.5 on the human respiratory system. J. Thorac. Dis. 2016; 8(1): E69–74. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.19Айдинов Г.Т., Марченко Б.И., Синельникова Ю.А. Многомерный анализ структуры и долевого вклада потенциальных факторов риска при злокачественных новообразованиях трахеи, бронхов и легкого. Анализ риска здоровью. 2017; (1): 45-55. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2017.1.02Aydinov G.T., Marchenko B.I., Sinel’nikova Yu.A. Multivariate analysis of structure and contribution per shares made by potential risk factors at malignant neoplasms in trachea, bronchial tubes and lung. Analiz riska zdorov’yu. 2017; (1): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2017.1.02 (in Russian)Русаков С.В. Оценка влияния работы льдоуборочного комбайна на качество воздуха в зале крытого ледового катка. Научный журнал НИУ ИТМО. Серия: Холодильная техника и кондиционирование. 2016; (4): 33-42. https://doi.org/10.17586/2310-1148-2016-9-4-33-42Rusakov S.V. Assessment of the impact of the ice resurfacer the air quality in the hall of an indoor ice rink. Nauchnyy zhurnal NIU ITMO. Seriya: Kholodil’naya tekhnika i konditsionirovanie. 2016; (4): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.17586/2310-1148-2016-9-4-33-42 (in Russian)Creswell P.D., Meiman J.G., Nehls-Lowe H., Vogt C., Wozniak R.J, Werner M.A., et al. Exposure to elevated carbon monoxide levels at an indoor ice arena - Wisconsin, 2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2015; 64(45): 1267-70. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6445a3Creswell P.D., Meiman J.G., Nehls-Lowe H., Vogt C., Wozniak R.J, Werner M.A., et al. Exposure to elevated carbon monoxide levels at an indoor ice arena – Wisconsin, 2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2015; 64(45): 1267–70. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6445a3Kahan E.S., Martin U.J., Spungen S., Ciccolella D., Criner G.J. Chronic cough and dyspnea in ice hockey players after an acute exposure to combustion products of a faulty ice resurfacer. Lung. 2007; 185(1): 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-006-0094-0Kahan E.S., Martin U.J., Spungen S., Ciccolella D., Criner G.J. Chronic cough and dyspnea in ice hockey players after an acute exposure to combustion products of a faulty ice resurfacer. Lung. 2007; 185(1): 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-006-0094-0Issakhov A., Alimbek A., Issakhov A. A numerical study for the assessment of air pollutant dispersion with chemical reactions from a thermal power plant. Eng. Appl.Comp. Fluid Mech. 2020; 14(1): 1035-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2020.1800515Issakhov A., Alimbek A., Issakhov A. A numerical study for the assessment of air pollutant dispersion with chemical reactions from a thermal power plant. Eng. Appl. Comp. Fluid Mech. 2020; 14(1): 1035–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2020.1800515Андришунас А.М., Клейн С.В. Предприятия топливно-энергетического комплекса как объекты риск-ориентированного санитарно-эпидемиологического надзора. Анализ риска здоровью. 2021; (4): 65-73. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.4.07Andrishunas A.M., Kleyn S.V. Fuel and energy enterprises as objects of risk-oriented sanitary-epidemiologic surveillance. Analiz riska zdorov’yu. 2021; (4): 65–73. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.4.07 (in Russian)Efimova N.V., Rukavishnikov V.S. Assessment of smoke pollution caused by wildfires in the Baikal region (Russia). Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12): 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121542Efimova N.V., Rukavishnikov V.S. Assessment of smoke pollution caused by wildfires in the Baikal region (Russia). Atmosphere. 2021; 12(12): 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121542Liu J.C., Mickley L.J., Sulprizio M.P., Dominici F., Yue X., Ebisu K., et al. Particulate air pollution from wildfires in the Western US under climate change. Clim. Change. 2016; 138(3): 655-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1762-6Liu J.C., Mickley L.J., Sulprizio M.P., Dominici F., Yue X., Ebisu K., et al. Particulate air pollution from wildfires in the Western US under climate change. Clim. Change. 2016; 138(3): 655–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1762-6Yao J., Brauer M., We J.I., McGrail K.M., Johnston F.H., Henderson S.B. Sub-Daily exposure to fine particulate matter and ambulance dispatches during wildfire seasons: a case-crossover study in British Columbia, Canada. Environ. Health Perspect. 2020; 128(6): 67006. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5792Yao J., Brauer M., We J.I., McGrail K.M., Johnston F.H., Henderson S.B. Sub-Daily exposure to fine particulate matter and ambulance dispatches during wildfire seasons: a case-crossover study in British Columbia, Canada. Environ. Health Perspect. 2020; 128(6): 67006. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5792Рукавишников В.С., Ефимова Н.В., Елфимова Т.А. Изучение риска здоровью при кратковременной ингаляционной экспозиции в условиях лесных пожаров. Гигиена и санитария. 2013; 92(1): 50-2Rukavishnikov V.S., Efimova N.V., Elfimova T.A. The study of health risk in short-term inhalation exposure in conditions of forest fires. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2013; 92(1): 50–2. (in Russian)Li F., Liu Y., Lü J., Liang L., Harmer P. Ambient air pollution in China poses a multifaceted health threat to outdoor physical activity. J. Epidemiol.Community Health. 2015; 69(3): 201-4. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-203892Li F., Liu Y., Lü J., Liang L., Harmer P. Ambient air pollution in China poses a multifaceted health threat to outdoor physical activity. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2015; 69(3): 201–4. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-203892Yang Z., Mahendran R., Yu P., Xu R., Yu W., Godellawattage S., et al. Health effects of long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Asia-Pacific: a systematic review of cohort studies. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2022; 9(2): 130-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00344-wYang Z., Mahendran R., Yu P., Xu R., Yu W., Godellawattage S., et al. Health effects of long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Asia-Pacific: a systematic review of cohort studies. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2022; 9(2): 130–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-022-00344-w

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.