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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-2-196-202</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-275</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗДОРОВЬЕ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POPULATION HEALTH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка реакции дыхательных путей на однократное интратрахеальное введение нано- и микроразмерных частиц оксида алюминия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Estimation of the response of respiratory tracts to a single intra-tracheal introduction of nano- and micro-sized particles of aluminum oxide</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-9613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Землянова</surname><given-names>Марина Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zemlyanova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, проф., зав. отд. биохимических и цитогенетических методов диагностики ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь.</p><p>e-mail: zem@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., DSci., Professor, Head of Biochemical and Cytogenetic Diagnostic Techniques Department of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: zem@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zem@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9075-3257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-7682</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанков</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepankov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский Национальный Исследовательский Политехнический Университет»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Perm State University; Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; E.A. Wagner Perm State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский Национальный Исследовательский Политехнический Университет»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Perm State University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>196</fpage><lpage>202</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Землянова М.А., Зайцева Н.В., Игнатова А.М., Степанков М.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Землянова М.А., Зайцева Н.В., Игнатова А.М., Степанков М.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zemlyanova M.A., Zaitseva N.V., Ignatova A.M., Stepankov M.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/275">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/275</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Широкое распространение наноматериалов в науке и различных отраслях промышленности обусловливает актуальность гигиенических исследований, направленных на оценку воздействия ультрадисперсных частиц, обладающих канцерогенными свойствами, на организм человека. </p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Эксперимент выполнен на половозрелых крысах-самцах линии Wistar (n = 27, по 9 особей в каждой группе), которых подвергали однократной интратрахеальной экспозиции суспензиями наноразмерного и микроразмерного оксида алюминия в концентрации действующего вещества 80,0 ± 0,09 мг/мл. Контрольной группе животных вводили чистую основу суспензии (стерильный изотонический физиологический раствор). Для количественной характеристики клеточной реакции дыхательных путей использовали цифровые изображения оптической иммерсионной микроскопии мазков, полученные на поляризационном микроскопе. </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Цитологическая оценка бронхоальвеолярного лаважа (БАЛ) in vitro показала, что при воздействии наночастиц оксида алюминия развивается клеточная реакция по эозинофильному типу, а при воздействии микрочастиц оксида алюминия - по нейтрофильному типу. На основании предложенной модели зависимости количества эозинофилов и нейтрофильных лейкоцитов (НЛ) в БАЛ от площади поверхности частиц оксида алюминия установлена триггерная величина, превышение которой характеризуется эозинофильной реакцией, а снижение - лимфоцитарной реакцией. Показано, что воздействие нано- и микроразмерных частиц оксида алюминия приводит к повреждению поверхности альвеолярных макрофагов (АМ), степень выраженности которого зависит от удельной площади поверхности частиц. Полученные данные расширяют теоретические знания в области нанотоксикологии и позволяют разрабатывать этиопатогенетически обоснованные профилактические мероприятия для работников в сфере производства наноматериалов и населения, подвергающегося воздействию наноразмерных частиц оксида алюминия. </p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Обобщение результатов показало, что степень токсического воздействия частиц оксида алюминия зависит от их дисперсности. Следствием этого может являться увеличение их токсических свойств, характеризующих качественные и количественные цитологические изменения в биологических субстратах, в том числе в БАЛ. </p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Однократное интратрахеальное введение крысам линии Wistar водной суспензии оксида алюминия вызывает клеточную реакцию со стороны дыхательных путей и повреждение альвеолярных макрофагов (АМ). Характер и степень выраженности изменений зависят от общей удельной площади поверхности воздействующих частиц.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Nanomaterials are now widely used in science and in various industries; in relation to that, it is truly vital to perform hygienic research to assess exposure to ultra-disperse particles with carcinogenic effects on a human body as such research can help to solve tasks in the preventive medicine sphere. </p></sec><sec><title>Data and methods</title><p>Data and methods. The experiment was performed on 27 pubescent male Wistar rats (9 animals in each group); the animals were exposed to a single intra-tracheal introduction of suspensions that contained nano-sized and micro-sized aluminum oxide in concentrations of 80.0 ± 0.09 mg/ml. The reference group was exposed to a pure suspension (sterile isotonic saline). To quantitatively assess cellular responses in the respiratory tracts, the authors examined digital images of smears obtained via optical immersion microscopy with a polarizing microscope. </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Cytological assessment of bronchi-alveolar lavage in vitro revealed exposure to nano-particles of aluminum oxide to led to a cellular response as of eosinophilic type; exposure to micro-particles of aluminum oxide, as of neutrophilic type. The authors proposed a model that described a relationship between a number of eosinophils and neutrophilic leucocytes in bronchi-alveolar lavage and a surface area of aluminum oxide particles; basing on the model, they detected a trigger value; when obtained values are higher than it eosinophilic responses occurs, and when they are lower, a lymphocytic one. The authors also showed that exposure to nano- and micro-sized particles of aluminum oxide resulted in damage to alveolar macrophages surface; the degree of the damage depended on a specific surface area of particles. The obtained data enrich theoretical knowledge accumulated in nanotoxicology and allow to develop etiologically and pathogenetically grounded preventive activities for workers employed at nanomaterials productions and for people who consume products containing nano-sized particles of aluminum oxide. </p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. The authors performed the comparative assessment of responses that occurred in the respiratory tracts of Wistar rats as a response to a single intra-tracheal introduction of micro- and nano-sized particles of aluminum oxide; the assessment results were then summarized and their generalization revealed toxic effects to be produced by the particles depended on their dispersity. The obtained data are well in line with an opinion expressed by some authors that a dispersity factor tends to grow as particles become smaller in their size. Another outcome here could be their greater toxic properties that cause various qualitative and quantitative cytological changes in biological substrates, including bronchi-alveolar lavage. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. A single intra-tracheal introduction of a water suspension containing aluminum oxide into Wistar rats causes cellular responses in the respiratory tracts and damage to alveolar macrophages. Character and intensity of detected changes depend on the total specific surface area of effecting particles.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>оксид алюминия</kwd><kwd>бронхоальвеолярный лаваж</kwd><kwd>лёгочая цитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>повреждение альвеолярных макрофагов</kwd><kwd>анализ изображений</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>aluminum oxide</kwd><kwd>bronchi-alveolar lavage</kwd><kwd>lung cytotoxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi H., Magaye R., Castranova V., Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A review of current toxicological data. Part. Fibre Toxicol. 2013; 10: 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi H., Magaye R., Castranova V., Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: A review of current toxicological data. Part. 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