<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-8-740-749</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">rdotzd</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-3349</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неоднородность параметров модифицированной SIR-модели волн эпидемического процесса COVID-19 в Российской Федерации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Heterogeneity of the modified SIR-model parameters of waves of COVID-19 epidemic process in the Russian Federation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-5307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Анна Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Anna Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Нина В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5850-7232</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Вадим Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>Vadim B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4185-9829</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Летюшев</surname><given-names>Александр Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Letyushev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5406-4961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирьянов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiryanov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-5713</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клейн</surname><given-names>Светлана В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleyn</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0969-9252</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалтдинов</surname><given-names>Марат Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamaltdinov</surname><given-names>Marat R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-8306</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глухих</surname><given-names>Максим Владиславович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glukhikh</surname><given-names>Maxim V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, мл. науч. сотр. отд. системных методов санитарно-гигиенического анализа и мониторинга Федерального бюджетного учреждения науки «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека, 614045, Пермь.</p><p>e-mail: gluhih@fcrisk.ru</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, junior research fellow at the Department of Sanitary and Hygienic Analysis and Monitoring Systemic Methods, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: gluhih@crisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gluhih@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing; Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Studies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; Отделение медицинских наук (секция «Профилактическая медицина») Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Russian Academy of Sciences, Medical Sciences Division (Preventive Medicine Section)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>740</fpage><lpage>749</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Попова А.Ю., Зайцева Н.В., Алексеев В.Б., Летюшев А.Н., Кирьянов Д.А., Клейн С.В., Камалтдинов М.Р., Глухих М.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Попова А.Ю., Зайцева Н.В., Алексеев В.Б., Летюшев А.Н., Кирьянов Д.А., Клейн С.В., Камалтдинов М.Р., Глухих М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Popova A.Y., Zaitseva N.V., Alekseev V.B., Letyushev A.N., Kiryanov D.A., Kleyn S.V., Kamaltdinov M.R., Glukhikh M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3349">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3349</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Работа посвящена параметризации эпидемического процесса COVID-19 с учётом специфики регионов Российской Федерации.</p><p>Цель исследования — анализ пространственно-временного распределения неоднородных показателей распространения COVID-19 на основе формализации и параметризации волн эпидемического процесса с учётом региональной специфики.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В качестве базовой модели эпидемического процесса использована модификация классической SIR-модели, отражающая динамику переходов группы населения, восприимчивой к действию вируса (S – susceptible), в группу инфицированных (I – infected), выздоровевших (R – recovered) или умерших (L – letal), – SIR(+L)-модель.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. На основе анализа динамических рядов о заболеваемости COVID-19 с недельным периодом осреднения выделены временные диапазоны активизации эпидемического процесса в регионах Российской Федерации, соответствующие волнам доминирования определённых штаммов вируса. Всего в период с 06.09.2020 г. до 25.02.2023 г. выделено четыре эпидемические волны для каждого региона. Анализ параметров SIR(+L)-модели для каждой волны по регионам позволил установить ряд характерных тенденций и получить поддающиеся интерпретации направления воздействия на отдельные этапы эпидемического процесса с последующей разработкой системных стратегических решений, направленных на сохранение здоровья населения, поддержание уровня эпидемиологической безопасности в масштабе регионов и страны в целом.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничение исследования</title><p>Ограничение исследования. Представленная модификация SIR-модели, SIR(+L)-модель, является значительным упрощением реального эпидемического процесса и не позволяет описывать ряд наблюдаемых эффектов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. По результатам параметризации эпидемического процесса установлены основные особенности и закономерности распространения вируса COVID-19, интенсивности выздоровления и летальности. Направлением дальнейших исследований может стать совершенствование модели эпидемического процесса, добавление в неё новых параметров с учётом деления населения на половые и возрастные группы, заболеваний по тяжести, группировки по территориальному и социальному принципу, выделение латентной заболеваемости.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Для проведения данного исследования не требовалось заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике (исследование выполнено на общедоступных данных официальной статистики).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Попова А.Ю., Зайцева Н.В., Алексеев В.Б., Летюшев А.Н. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Кирьянов Д.А. — редактирование, написание текста;Клейн С.В. — редактирование, написание текста;Камалтдинов М.Р. — сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста;Глухих М.В. — сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 28.07.2023 / Принята к печати: 15.08.2023 / Опубликована: 09.10.2023</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The work is dedicated to the parameterization of the COVID-19 epidemic process, taking into account the specifics of the Russian Federation regions.</p><p>Purpose of study is the analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of heterogeneous indicators of the spread of COVID-19 based on the formalization and parametrization of waves of the epidemic process, bearing in mind regional specifics.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. SIR (+L) model as a modification of the classic SIR model, reflecting the trend in the transition of the susceptible to the action of the virus (S – susceptible) population to the group of infected (I – infected), recovered (R – recovered) and the dead (L – letal) was used as a basic model of the epidemic process.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Time ranges of activation of the epidemic process in the regions of the Russian Federation, corresponding to waves of domination of certain strains of the virus, have been allocated on the basis of the analysis of time series COVID-19 morbidity with a week period of averaging. In total, starting from September 6, 2020 and ending on February 25, 2023, four epidemic waves have been allocated for each region. Analysis of SIR (+L) model parameters for each wave by regions of the Russian Federation made it possible to establish a number of characteristic trends and obtain interpretable directions of influence on the epidemic process individual stages, with the subsequent development of systemic strategic decisions on the preservation of population health and its level of safety at the regional and country-wide scale.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The presented modification of the SIR model (SIR (+L) model) is a significant simplification of the real epidemic process and does not allow describing a number of observed effects.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Based on the results of the parametrization of the epidemic process, the main features and patterns of the spread of the COVID-19, the intensity of recovery and mortality were established. A further direction of research may be the complication of the epidemic process model, the addition of new parameters to it, taking into account the division of the population into gender and age groups, diseases by severity, grouping according to the territorial and social principle, and the identification of the latent morbidity.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee of other documents (the study was performed on publicly available official statistics).</p><p>Contribution of the authors:Popova A.Yu., Zaitseva N.V., Alekseev V.B., Letyushev A.N. — research concept and design, editing, approval of the final version of the article;Kiryanov D.A., Kleyn S.V. — editing, writing the text, approval of the final version of the article;Kamaltdinov M.R., Glukhikh M.V. — statistical data processing, collection and processing material, writing the text.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: July 28, 2023 / Accepted: August 15, 2023 / Published: October 9, 2023</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эпидемический процесс</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SIR-модель</kwd><kwd>динамические ряды</kwd><kwd>параметры модели</kwd><kwd>волны заболеваемости</kwd><kwd>восприимчивые</kwd><kwd>инфицированные</kwd><kwd>выздоровевшие</kwd><kwd>умершие</kwd><kwd>индекс репродукции вируса</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epidemic process</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SIR model</kwd><kwd>time series</kwd><kwd>model parameters</kwd><kwd>waves of morbidity</kwd><kwd>susceptible</kwd><kwd>infected</kwd><kwd>recovered</kwd><kwd>lethal</kwd><kwd>virus reproduction index</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okafor L., Yan E. COVID-19 vaccines, rules, deaths, and tourism recovery. Ann. Tour. Res. 2022; 95: 103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103424</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okafor L., Yan E. COVID-19 vaccines, rules, deaths, and tourism recovery. Ann. Tour. Res. 2022; 95: 103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103424</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahimi I., Chen F., Gandomi A.H. A review on COVID-19 forecasting models. Neural Comput. Appl. 2021; 4: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05626-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahimi I., Chen F., Gandomi A.H. A review on COVID-19 forecasting models. Neural Comput. Appl. 2021; 4: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05626-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salimipour A., Mehraban T., Ghafour H.S., Arshad N.I., Ebadi M.J. SIR model for the spread of COVID-19: A case study. Oper. Res. Perspect. 2023; 10: 100265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orp.2022.100265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salimipour A., Mehraban T., Ghafour H.S., Arshad N.I., Ebadi M.J. SIR model for the spread of COVID-19: A case study. Oper. Res. Perspect. 2023; 10: 100265, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orp.2022.100265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чигарев А.В., Журавков М.А., Чигарев В.А. Детерминированные и стохастические модели распространения инфекции и тестирование в изолированном контингенте. Журнал Белорусского государственного университета. Математика. Информатика. 2021; (3): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6508-2021-3-57-67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chigarev A.V., Zhuravkov M.A., Chigarev V.A. Deterministic and stochastic models of infection spread and testing in an isolated contingent. J. Belarus. State Uni. Math. Inform. 2021; (3): 57–67. https://doi.org/10.33581/2520-6508-2021-3-57-67 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comunian A., Gaburro R., Giudici M. Inversion of a SIR-based model: A critical analysis about the application to COVID-19 epidemic. Physica D. 2020; 413: 132674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2020.132674</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Comunian A., Gaburro R., Giudici M. Inversion of a SIR-based model: A critical analysis about the application to COVID-19 epidemic. Physica D. 2020; 413: 132674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physd.2020.132674</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pájaro M., Fajar N.M., Alonso A.A., Otero-Muras I. Stochastic SIR-model predicts the evolution of COVID-19 epidemics from public health and wastewater data in small and medium-sized municipalities: A one year study. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2022; 164: 112671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112671</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pájaro M., Fajar N.M., Alonso A.A., Otero-Muras I. Stochastic SIR-model predicts the evolution of COVID-19 epidemics from public health and wastewater data in small and medium-sized municipalities: A one year study. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2022; 164: 112671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112671</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKendrick A.G. Applications of mathematics to medical problems. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 1925; 44: 98–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0013091500034428</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McKendrick A.G. Applications of mathematics to medical problems. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. 1925; 44: 98–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0013091500034428</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kermack W.O., McKendrick A.G. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. Royal Soc. London A. 1927; 115(772): 700–21. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kermack W.O., McKendrick A.G. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proc. Royal Soc. London A. 1927; 115(772): 700–21. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moein S., Nickaeen N., Roointan A., Borhani N., Heidary Z., Javanmard S.H., et al. Inefficiency of SIR models in forecasting COVID-19 epidemic: a case study of Isfahan. Sci. Rep. 2021; 11(1): 4725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84055-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moein S., Nickaeen N., Roointan A., Borhani N., Heidary Z., Javanmard S.H., et al. Inefficiency of SIR models in forecasting COVID-19 epidemic: a case study of Isfahan. Sci. Rep. 2021; 11(1): 4725. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84055-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудряшов Н.А., Чмыхов М.А. Приближенные решения SIR-модели для описания коронавируса. Вестник Национального исследовательского ядерного университета «МИФИ». 2020; 9(5): 404–11. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2304487X20050089 https://elibrary.ru/ztlfwh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryashov N.A., Chmykhov M.A. Approximate solutions of the SIR-model for describing the coronavirus. Vestnik Natsional’nogo issledovatel’skogo yadernogo universiteta “MIFI”. 2020; 9(5): 404–11. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2304487X20050089 https://elibrary.ru/ztlfwh (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalachev L., Landguth E.L., Graham J. Revisiting classical SIR modelling in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect. Dis. Model. 2023; 8(1): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2022.12.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalachev L., Landguth E.L., Graham J. Revisiting classical SIR modelling in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect. Dis. Model. 2023; 8(1): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2022.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y.C., Lu P.E., Chang C.S., Liu T.H. A time-dependent SIR model for COVID-19 with undetectable infected persons. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. 2020; 7(4): 3279–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2020.3024723</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y.C., Lu P.E., Chang C.S., Liu T.H. A time-dependent SIR model for COVID-19 with undetectable infected persons. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. 2020; 7(4): 3279–94. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2020.3024723</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alshammari F.S. Analysis of SIRVI model with time dependent coefficients and the effect of vaccination on the transmission rate and COVID-19 epidemic waves. Infect. Dis. Model. 2023; 8(1): 172–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2023.01.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alshammari F.S. Analysis of SIRVI model with time dependent coefficients and the effect of vaccination on the transmission rate and COVID-19 epidemic waves. Infect. Dis. Model. 2023; 8(1): 172–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2023.01.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer J.F.C.A., Lima M. Relevant mathematical modeling efforts for understanding COVID-19 dynamics: an educational challenge. ZDM. 2023; 55(1): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01447-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer J.F.C.A., Lima M. Relevant mathematical modeling efforts for understanding COVID-19 dynamics: an educational challenge. ZDM. 2023; 55(1): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-022-01447-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Звягинцев А.И. О нелинейной дифференциальной системе, моделирующей динамику пандемии COVID-19. Международный научно-исследовательский журнал. 2022; (7–1): 115–21. https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2022.121.7.016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvyagintsev A.I. On a nonlinear differential system simulating the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. Mezhdunarodnyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy zhurnal. 2022; (7–1): 115–21. https://doi.org/10.23670/IRJ.2022.121.7.016 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colombo R.M., Garavello M., Marcellini F., Rossi E. An age and space structured SIR model describing the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Math. Ind. 2020; 10(1): 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13362-020-00090-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colombo R.M., Garavello M., Marcellini F., Rossi E. An age and space structured SIR model describing the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Math. Ind. 2020; 10(1): 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13362-020-00090-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Djenina N., Ouannas A., Batiha I.M., Grassi G., Oussaeif T.E., Momani S. A novel fractional-order discrete SIR model for predicting COVID-19 behavior. Mathematics. 2022; 10(13): 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10132224</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Djenina N., Ouannas A., Batiha I.M., Grassi G., Oussaeif T.E., Momani S. A novel fractional-order discrete SIR model for predicting COVID-19 behavior. Mathematics. 2022; 10(13): 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10132224</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнатов А.М., Тригер С.А., Чернявский Е.Б. Влияние запаздывания на эволюцию эпидемий. Теплофизика высоких температур. 2021; 59(6): 960–3. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0040364421060065 https://elibrary.ru/ktfvtq</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatov A.M., Triger S.A., Chernyavskiy E.B. The effect of lag on the evolution of epidemics. Teplofizika vysokikh temperatur. 2021; 59(6): 960–3. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0040364421060065 https://elibrary.ru/ktfvtq (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalaf S.L., Flayyih H.S. Analysis, predicting, and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq through SIR model. Res. Control Optim. 2023; 10: 100214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2023.100214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalaf S.L., Flayyih H.S. Analysis, predicting, and controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq through SIR model. Res. Control Optim. 2023; 10: 100214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rico.2023.100214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin-Moreno J.M., Alegre-Martinez A., Martin-Gorgojo V., Alfonso-Sanchez J.L., Torres F., Pallares-Carratala V. Predictive models for forecasting public health scenarios: practical experiences applied during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(9): 5546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095546</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin-Moreno J.M., Alegre-Martinez A., Martin-Gorgojo V., Alfonso-Sanchez J.L., Torres F., Pallares-Carratala V. Predictive models for forecasting public health scenarios: practical experiences applied during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(9): 5546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095546</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крылов В.С., Сейдаметова С., Валиева Э.С. Модели и инструменты для оценки экономической эффективности мер, связанных с пандемией COVID-19. Ученые записки Крымского инженерно-педагогического университета. 2020; (3): 105–11. https://elibrary.ru/kbvovn</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krylov V.S., Seydametova S., Valieva E.S. Models and tools for evaluating the economic effectiveness of measures related to the COVID-19. Uchenye zapiski Krymskogo inzhenerno-pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2020; (3): 105–11. https://elibrary.ru/kbvovn (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudryashov N.A., Chmykhov M.A., Vigdorowitsch M. Analytical features of the SIR model and their applications to COVID-19. Appl. Math. Model. 2021; 90: 466–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryashov N.A., Chmykhov M.A., Vigdorowitsch M. Analytical features of the SIR model and their applications to COVID-19. Appl. Math. Model. 2021; 90: 466–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AlQadi H., Bani-Yaghoub M. Incorporating global dynamics to improve the accuracy of disease models: Example of a COVID-19 SIR model. PLoS One. 2022; 17(4): e0265815. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265815</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AlQadi H., Bani-Yaghoub M. Incorporating global dynamics to improve the accuracy of disease models: Example of a COVID-19 SIR model. PLoS One. 2022; 17(4): e0265815. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265815</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper I., Mondal A., Antonopoulos C.G. A SIR model assumption for the spread of COVID-19 in different communities. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020; 139: 110057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper I., Mondal A., Antonopoulos C.G. A SIR model assumption for the spread of COVID-19 in different communities. Chaos Solitons Fractals. 2020; 139: 110057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghosh K., Ghosh A.K. Study of COVID-19 epidemiological evolution in India with a multi-wave SIR model. Nonlinear Dyn. 2022; 109(1): 47–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07471-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghosh K., Ghosh A.K. Study of COVID-19 epidemiological evolution in India with a multi-wave SIR model. Nonlinear Dyn. 2022; 109(1): 47–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-022-07471-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cakir Z., Sendur A. A note on epidemiologic models: SIR modeling of the COVID-19 with variable coefficients. Bull. Karaganda Uni. Math. Ser. 2022; (1): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.31489/2022M1/43-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cakir Z., Sendur A. A note on epidemiologic models: SIR modeling of the COVID-19 with variable coefficients. Bull. Karaganda Uni. Math. Ser. 2022; (1): 43–51. https://doi.org/10.31489/2022M1/43-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виницкий С.И., Гусев А.А., Дербов В.Л., Красовицкий П.М., Пеньков Ф.М., Чулуунбаатар Г. Редуцированная модель SIR пандемии COVID-19. Журнал вычислительной математики и математической физики. 2021; 61(3): 400–12. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044466921030169 https://elibrary.ru/wkilhy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinitskiy S.I., Gusev A.A., Derbov V.L., Krasovitskiy P.M., Pen’kov F.M., Chuluunbaatar G. Reduced SIR model of COVID-19 pandemic. Comp. Math. Math. Phys. 2021; 61(3): 400–12. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044466921030169 https://elibrary.ru/bxdryl</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Томчин Д.А., Ситчихина М.С., Ананьевский М.С., Свенцицкая Т.А., Фрадков А.Л. Прогноз динамики пандемии COVID-19 по России на основе простых математических моделей эпидемий. Информационно-управляющие системы. 2021; (6): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2021-6-31-41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomchin D.A., Sitchikhina M.S., Anan’evskiy M.S., Sventsitskaya T.A., Fradkov A.L. Prediction of COVID-19 pandemic dynamics in Russia based on simple mathematical models of epidemics. Informatsionno-upravlyayushchie sistemy. 2021; (6): 31–41. https://doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2021-6-31-41 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров В.В., Балыкина Ю.Е. Балансовая модель эпидемии COVID-19 на основе процентного прироста. Информатика и автоматизация. 2021; 20(5): 1034–64. https://doi.org/10.15622/20.5.2 https://elibrary.ru/zczxuw</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov V.V., Balykina Yu.E. Balance model of COVID-19 epidemic based on percentage growth rate. Informatika i avtomatizatsiya. 2021; 20(5): 1034–64. https://doi.org/10.15622/20.5.2 https://elibrary.ru/zczxuw (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баран В.И., Баран Е.П. Имитационное моделирование процессов развития пандемии. Вестник Российского университета кооперации. 2021; (3): 9–13. https://doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-3-45-2 https://elibrary.ru/unlgrb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baran V.I., Baran E.P. Simulation of pandemic development processes. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta kooperatsii. 2021; (3): 9–13. https://doi.org/10.52623/2227-4383-3-45-2 https://elibrary.ru/unlgrb (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколовский В.Л., Фурман Г.Б., Полянская Д.А., Фурман Е.Г. Пространственно-временное моделирование эпидемии COVID-19. Анализ риска здоровью. 2021; (1): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.1.03 https://elibrary.ru/tzwalb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolovskiy V.L., Furman G.B., Polyanskaya D.A., Furman E.G. Spatio-temporal modeling of COVID-19 epidemic. Health Risk Analysis. 2021; (1): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.1.03.eng https://elibrary.ru/ssgyjp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанов В.С. Зависимость уровня смертности в регионах от распространенности активных носителей SARS-CoV-2 и ресурсов организаций здравоохранения. Анализ риска здоровью. 2020; (4): 12–22. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.4.02 https://elibrary.ru/arnvre</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanov V.S. Dependence between mortality in regions and prevalence of active SARS-CoV2 carriers and resources available to public healthcare organizations. Health Risk Analysis. 2020; (4): 12–23. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2020.4.02.eng https://elibrary.ru/uaynfb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Попова А.Ю., Алексеев В.Б., Кирьянов Д.А., Чигвинцев В.М. Региональные особенности эпидпроцесса, вызванного вирусом SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), и меры компенсации влияния модифицирующих факторов неинфекционного генеза. Гигиена и санитария. 2022; 101(6): 701–8. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-6-701-708 https://elibrary.ru/yozsnr</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytseva N.V., Popova A.Yu., Alekseev V.B., Kir’yanov D.A., Chigvintsev V.M. Regional peculiarities of the epidemiological process caused by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), compensation for the impact of modifying factors of non-infectious genesis. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2022; 101(6): 701–8. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-6-701-708 https://elibrary.ru/yozsnr (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Попова А.Ю., Клейн С.В., Летюшев А.Н., Кирь-янов Д.А., Глухих М.В. и др. Модифицирующее влияние факторов среды обитания на течение эпидемического процесса COVID-19. Гигиена и санитария. 2022; 101(11): 1274–82. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-11-1274-1282 https://elibrary.ru/zcwfvh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaytseva N.V., Popova A.Yu., Kleyn S.V., Letyushev A.N., Kir’yanov D.A., Glukhikh M.V., et al. Modifying impact of environmental factors on the course of an epidemic process. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2022; 101(11): 1274–82. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-11-1274-1282 https://elibrary.ru/zcwfvh (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
