medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-9-947-953pubpagmedlit-3427Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВHYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSВлияние кадмия на развитие детей и подростков (систематический обзор)Effects of cadmium on children and adolescents development (systematic review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-4312Бобрищева-ПушкинаНаталия ДмитриевнаBobrisheva-PushkinaNatalia D.

Канд. мед. наук, доцент каф. экологии человека и гигиены окружающей среды ФГАОУ ВО «Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)», 119991, Москва, Россия.

e-mail: nbobrishevapushkina@mail.ru

MD, PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.

e-mail: nbobrishevapushkina@mail.ru

nbobrishevapushkina@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8065-5503КузнецоваЛюбовь Ю.KuznetsovaLubov Yu.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-4257-2350МозгановМаксим Ю.MozganovMaksim Yu.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-7045-7092АраслановаАзалия Н.AraslanovaAzaliya N.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-9105-3583КординаАлександра А.KordinaAleksandra A.noemail@neicon.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-7258ОнищенкоГеннадий Г.OnishchenkoGennadij G.noemail@neicon.ruФГАOУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)»РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)Russian Federation2023281020231029947953Copyright © Бобрищева-Пушкина Н.Д., Кузнецова Л.Ю., Мозганов М.Ю., Арасланова А.Н., Кордина А.А., Онищенко Г.Г., 20232023Бобрищева-Пушкина Н.Д., Кузнецова Л.Ю., Мозганов М.Ю., Арасланова А.Н., Кордина А.А., Онищенко Г.Г.Bobrisheva-Pushkina N.D., Kuznetsova L.Y., Mozganov M.Y., Araslanova A.N., Kordina A.A., Onishchenko G.G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3427Введение

Введение. Кадмий широко распространён в окружающей среде в результате промышленной деятельности, использования агрохимикатов, курения. Дети и подростки, находящиеся в процессе развития, являются экосенситивной группой населения, а показатели их физического и психического развития — высокоинформативными индикаторами экологического воздействия.

Цель обзора — изучение влияния воздействия кадмия на физическое и психическое развитие детей и подростков.

Поиск и подбор источников. Был проведён поиск литературы, находящейся в свободном доступе, с использованием поисковых систем PubMed, Science Direct и elibrary. Поиск осуществлялся по ключевым словам: «воздействие кадмия на физическое и психическое развитие детей», а также «воздействие кадмия на отдельные показатели детей». Первоначальный поиск позволил выделить 7861 публикацию, после независимой оценки двумя экспертами остались 24 полнотекстовые публикации. Критериями включения были оригинальные данные о влиянии кадмия на показатели развития детей и подростков при любом пути поступления его в организм, математически доказанная связь уровня кадмия в окружающей среде или биологических средах организма с показателями развития, учёт возможности смещения данных (Risk of BIAS).

Результаты анализа отобранных статей. Анализ тематики публикаций позволил установить ограниченный набор показателей для оценки физического и психического развития (не были использованы показатели зубной зрелости, полового созревания мальчиков, развития речи, игровой деятельности). Большинство исследований свидетельствует о влиянии внутриутробного воздействия кадмия на массу тела новорождённых. Негативное влияние кадмия на интеллектуальное развитие начинало определяться в старшем дошкольном и школьном возрасте и было обнаружено в большинстве исследований. По остальным показателям получены противоречивые данные. Большинство исследователей не выявили половых различий в физическом и психическом развитии при воздействии кадмия.

Заключение

Заключение. Необходимы дополнительные комплексные рандомизированные мультицентровые исследования физического и психического развития детей при воздействии кадмия, проводимые по единому протоколу.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов:Бобрищева-Пушкина Н.Д. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала, редактирование;Кузнецова Л.Ю. — сбор материала, написание текста;Мозганов М.Ю. — сбор материала;Арасланова А.Н. — сбор материала и обработка данных;Кордина А.А. — сбор материала и обработка данных, статистическая обработка;Онищенко Г.Г. — концепция исследования, редактирование окончательного текста.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Поступила

Поступила: 26.05.2023 / Принята к печати: 26.09.2023 / Опубликована: 30.10.2023

Introduction

Introduction. Cadmium is widespread in the environment as a result of industrial activity, the use of agrochemicals, smoking. Children and adolescents are an eco-sensitive group of the population, and indicators of their physical and mental development are highly informative indicators of environmental impact.

The purpose of the review was to study the effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development in children and adolescents.

Search and selection of sources. A search was conducted for literature that is freely available using the search engines PubMed, Science Direct and elibrary. The search was carried out by the keywords: “effects of cadmium on the physical and mental development of children”, as well as on their individual indicators. The initial search allowed identifying seven thousand eight hundred sixty one reports, after an independent evaluation by two experts, 24 full-text publications remained. The inclusion criteria were: original data on the effect of cadmium on the development indicators in children and adolescents at any route of its entry into the body, a mathematically proven link between the level of cadmium with development indicators, taking into account the possibility of data bias.

Results

Results. The analysis of the subject matter and design of publications allowed establishing a limited set of criteria for assessing the physical and mental development (there are no indicators of dental maturity, puberty of boys, speech development, playing activity). Most studies indicate the effect of intrauterine exposure to cadmium on the body weight in newborns. The negative effect of cadmium on intellectual development begins to be determined in the senior preschool and school age and is also found in most studies. Contradictory data were obtained for the remaining indicators. Most researchers have not received data on sex differences when exposed to cadmium.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Additional comprehensive randomized multicentric studies of the physical and mental development of children under the influence of cadmium, conducted according to a single protocol, are needed.

Contribution

Contribution:Bobrisheva-Pushkina N.D. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing;Kuznetsova L.Yu. — collection of material, writing a text;Mozganov M.Yu. — collection of material;Araslanova A.N. — collection and processing of material;Kordina A.A. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;Onishchenko G.G. — the concept of the study, editing the final text.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: May 26, 2023 / Accepted: September 26, 2023 / Published: October 15, 2023

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.