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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-12-1272-1280</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ksnjpx</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-3603</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная оценка патогенного потенциала энтерококков, выделенных от здоровых людей и из сточных вод</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Pathogenic potential of enterococcus isolated from healthy people and wastewater</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-0899</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пай</surname><given-names>Галина Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pay</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10</p><p>e-mail: Pay@cspmz.ru </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-7690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ракитина</surname><given-names>Дарья Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakitina</surname><given-names>Darya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10</p><p>e-mail: Rakitina@cspmz.ru </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-3665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панькова</surname><given-names>Марина Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Биолог лаборатории микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10</p><p>e-mail: MPankova@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-9231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федец</surname><given-names>Злата Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedets</surname><given-names>Zlata E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10</p><p>e-mail: Fedets@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6295-661X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мания</surname><given-names>Тамари Резоевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Maniya</surname><given-names>Tamari R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. лаб. микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России 119121, Москва, Россия\</p><p>e-mail: TManiya@cspmz.ru</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Scientific researcher of Microbiology and Parasitology laboratory of the Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: TManiya@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4772-9686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загайнова</surname><given-names>Анжелика Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagaynova</surname><given-names>Anzhelika V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат биологических наук, заведующий лаборатории микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, г. Москва, ул. Погодинская, 10</p><p>e-mail: AZagaynova@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управление медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1272</fpage><lpage>1280</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пай Г.В., Ракитина Д.В., Панькова М.Н., Федец З.Е., Мания Т.Р., Загайнова А.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пай Г.В., Ракитина Д.В., Панькова М.Н., Федец З.Е., Мания Т.Р., Загайнова А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pay G.V., Rakitina D.V., Pankova M.A., Fedets Z.E., Maniya T.R., Zagaynova A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3603">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3603</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Эффективная работа очистных сооружений — важнейший фактор защиты здоровья общества. При этом требования к очистке и обеззараживанию сточных вод предполагают снижение количества бактерий до нормативного уровня, не учитывая патогенного потенциала выживших бактерий в воде, попадающей после обеззараживания в поверхностные водоёмы. Представляется актуальным оценить влияние очистных сооружений именно на патогенный потенциал бактерий. В настоящей работе это выполняется на примере изолятов Enterococcus, так как энтерококки, имеющие патогенный потенциал, представляют собой серьёзную угрозу здоровью человека, вызывая инфекционно-воспалительные поражения клапанов сердца, мочеполовой системы и другие заболевания.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Патогенный потенциал энтерококков оценивали по детектированию в выделенной из изолятов ДНК потенциально патогенных генов методом ПЦР. Детектировали гены адгезивных белков (Esp, Asa1), лизирующих белков (цитолизина CylA, гиалуронидазы hyl и желатиназы gelE) и факторов устойчивости к антибиотикам (vanA, vanB). В работе проведена сравнительная оценка наличия патогенного потенциала у 366 изолятов бактерий рода Enterococcus, выделенных из образцов воды со станций очистки сточных вод Москвы и Московской области, и 168 изолятов, выделенных из кала людей из контрольной группы без колопроктологических заболеваний.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Процент изолятов бактерий рода Enterococcus, обладающих патогенным потенциалом, различался для разных очистных станций (от 36 до 55%), причём этот показатель не зависел от объёма обрабатываемых сточных вод и схемы очистки. Видовой состав энтерококков, выделенных из сточных вод очистных сооружений, в целом сходен с видовым составом изолятов энтерококков, выделенных из кала, который представлен следующими видами: доминировали E. faecium (36 и 53% соответственно), E. faecalis (28 и 38%). Следующие по представленности виды, выделенные из сточных вод и кишечной микробиоты, отличались соответственно: E. hirae (24 и 1,2%) и E. casseliflavus (3 и 0,6%). E. durans, E. thailandicus, E. avium, E. mundtii представлены в порядке убывания от 2,5 до 1%, одинаково в обеих выборках. Минорные виды E. raffinosus, E. moraviensis, E. malodatus представлены единичными изолятами из очистных сооружений, E. canintеstini — из кала людей. По проценту наличия изолятов энтерококков, имеющих патогенный потенциал, в обеих выборках с большим отрывом лидирует E. faecalis (75–80%). Гены устойчивости к ванкомицину в данной выборке не выявлены. Из патогенных генов чаще остальных встречались gelE (30–33% из обоих источников) и asa1 (18–19%). Ген esp представлен различно (9% из очистных, 14% из кала), а ген cylA одинаково (4,4–4,8%). Ген гиалуронидазы hyl выявлялся только в изолятах из очистных сооружений (2,5%), причём у всех неминорных видов (E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. hirae, E. durans, E. thailandicus) и на разных стадиях очистки. Работа очистных сооружений не оказывала видимого влияния на процент изолятов энтерококков, имеющих патогенный потенциал и спектр генов патогенности. Из обследованных точек отбора (до очистки, после цикла очистки, активный ил, поверхностные воды) наибольший патогенный потенциал демонстрировали изоляты из активного ила.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. При изучении патогенного потенциала изолятов энтерококков из очистных сооружений Москвы и Московской области и кала практически здоровых людей проведено сравнение двух выборок, из 366 и 168 изолятов соответственно, что представляет собой достаточную референтную выборку. Выборка ограничена по географии, таким образом, выводы можно применять к очистным сооружениям Москвы и Московской области, где использовались сходные схемы очистки.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют, что патогенный потенциал энтерококков, выделенных из сточных вод очистных сооружений, несколько выше, чем у изолятов, выделенных из кишечной микробиоты пациентов из контрольной выборки группы практически здоровых людей. Установлено, что наибольшим патогенным потенциалом обладали изоляты, выделенные из активного ила, поступающего в аэротенк со сточными водами. При этом активный ил может выступать в роли резервуара накопления бактерий, обладающих патогенным потенциалом и потенциального распространения их в окружающую среду.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование биологического материала от людей одобрено Локальным независимым этическим комитетом (протокол № 98А заседания Локального независимого этического комитета ФГБУ «ГНЦК им. А.Н. Рыжих» Минздрава России от 16.07.2018 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Пай Г.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, выполнение экспериментальной работы, статистическая обработка, написание текста, редактирование;Ракитина Д.В. — написание текста;Панькова М.А. — сбор и обработка образцов, культивирование бактерий;Федец З.Е. — сбор и обработка образцов, культивирование бактерий;Мания Т.Р. — сбор материала, редактирование;Загайнова А.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование проведено в рамках НИР «Разработка унифицированных методов, включающих отбор проб, для осуществления определения микробиологического и паразитологического загрязнения сточных вод» (шифр «Сточные воды»). Госконтракт 12.11.2021 г. № 2123388100152000000000000/145.001.216.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 31.07.2023 / Принята к печати: 15.11.2023 / Опубликована: 28.12.2023</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Efficiency of wastewater treatment plants is a key for protection of common health. At the same time, all criteria for its evaluation are concerned about the overall biomass reduction rather than on pathogens that, in low amount, can still be present in the efflux.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose of the study</title><p>Purpose of the study. Therefore it seems important to evaluate the effect of purification procedures on the pathogenic potential of bacteria. In the current study, it is performed using Enterococcus isolates, since pathogenic strains present considerable threat for human health, causing endocarditis, infections of urogenic tract, nosocomial infections, etc.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. PCR was used to evaluate the presence of potentially pathogenic genes in the extracted DNA. Seven genes were tested: genes of adhesion proteins (Esp, Asa1), proteins with lytic activity (cytolysine CylA, hyaluronidase hyl and gelatinase gelE), and antibiotic resistance factors (vanA, vanB). Three hundred sixty six isolates from wastewater plants of Moscow agglomeration and 168 from feces of healthy people were screened.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Percentage of pathogenic isolates varied in different wastewater treatment plants (from 36 to 55%), with no relation with the volumes of treated sewage and the purification scheme of the plant. Similar species were recovered from wastewater plants and feces, with E. faecium (36% and 53%, correspondingly) and E. faecalis (28% and 38%) as most abundant. E. hirae was presented in different numbers (24% and 1.2%) as well as E. casseliflavus (3% and 0,6%). E. durans, E. thailandicus, E. avium, E. mundtii were found from 2.5 to 1%, in similar amounts from both sources. Minor species E. raffinosus, E. moraviensis, E. malodatus presented with single isolates in wastewater plants, and E. canintestini — in feces. The E. faecalis was the leader in percentage of pathogenic potential (75–80%). The most abundant pathogenic gene was gelE (30–33% from both sources) and asa1 (18–19%). CylA was found at similar levels (4,4–4,8%). Esp was found in 9% of wastewater plants isolates and in 14% from feces. Hyl was specific to isolates from wastewater plants (2,5%), and was present in all non-monor species (E. faecium, E. faecalis, E. hirae, E. durans, E. thailandicus) and at different stages of water treatment. Vancomycin resistance genes were not detected.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. When studying the pathogenic potential of enterococcal isolates from wastewater treatment plants in the city of Moscow and the Moscow region and the feces of practically healthy people, two samples were compared, consisting of 366 and 168 isolates, respectively, which represents a sufficient reference sample. The sample was limited by geography, so the conclusions can be applied to wastewater treatment plants in the city of Moscow and the Moscow region, where similar treatment schemes were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The data from this study suggests the pathogenic potential of bacteria from wastewater treatment plants to be a little bit more than that of isolates from feces of healthy people. The activated sludge can be a reservoir for pathogens and can bring contamination to the environment.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study of biological material from humans was approved by the Local Independent Ethics Committee (Minutes No. 98A of the meeting of the Local Independent Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “GNCC named after A.N. Ryzhykh of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 16.07.2018).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Pay G.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, performing the experiments, statistical processing, writing, editing;Rakitina D.V. — writing;Pankova M.A. — samples collection, bacteria cultivation;Fedets Z.E. — samples collection, bacteria cultivation;Maniya T.R. — collection and processing of material, editing;Zagaynova A.V. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The research was carried out within the framework of the research work “Development of unified methods, including sampling, for the determination of microbiological and parasitological contamination of wastewater” (code “Wastewater”). State contract 12.11.2021 No. 2123388100152000000000000/145.001.216.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: July 31, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 28, 2023</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Enterococcus</kwd><kwd>вирулентность</kwd><kwd>сточные воды</kwd><kwd>очистные сооружения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Enterococcus</kwd><kwd>virulence</kwd><kwd>wastewater treatment plants</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлёв П.В., Хуторянина И.В., Марченко Б.И. 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