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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-12-1361-1366</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">hcceym</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-3616</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изучение способности пищевой добавки Е171 (диоксида титана) индуцировать генные мутации у бактерий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Studying the ability of the food additive E171 (titanium dioxide) to induce gene mutations in bacteria</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3479-9602</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Анатольевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник отдела генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Московская область, г. Мытищи, Россия, ул. Семашко, д. 2</p><p>e-mail: grabovskaya_aa@fferisman.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-8771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Ольга Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр. отд. генетической токсикологии, ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи</p><p>e-mail: egorova.ov@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior researcher of the department of genetic toxicology, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: egorova.ov@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorova.ov@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5356-2600</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демидова</surname><given-names>Юлия Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demidova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник отдела генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Московская область, г. Мытищи, Россия, ул. Семашко, д. 2</p><p>e-mail: demidovaiv@fferisman.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-9465</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илюшина</surname><given-names>Наталия Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyushina</surname><given-names>Nataliya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, заведующая отделом генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Московская область, г. Мытищи, Россия, ул. Семашко, д. 2</p><p>e-mail: iliushinana@fferisman.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1361</fpage><lpage>1366</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Царева А.А., Егорова О.В., Демидова Ю.В., Илюшина Н.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Царева А.А., Егорова О.В., Демидова Ю.В., Илюшина Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsareva A.A., Egorova O.V., Demidova Y.V., Ilyushina N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3616">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3616</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Диоксид титана в Российской Федерации разрешён к применению в пищевой промышленности, производстве лекарственных средств и средств гигиены. Пищевая добавка E171 представляет собой смесь микро- и наночастиц TiO2. В 2010 г. МАИР классифицировало TiO2 в наноформе как возможный канцероген для человека (группа 2В). В исследованиях генотоксичности диоксида титана в условиях in vitro и in vivo получены противоречивые результаты, свидетельствующие как о наличии, так и об отсутствии мутагенности TiO2.</p><p>Цель работы — оценка мутагенности пищевой добавки Е171 в тесте Эймса с использованием стандартного и модифицированного протоколов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Оценивали способность пищевой добавки Е171 (Китай) индуцировать обратные генные мутации на пяти штаммах Salmonella typhimurium в стандартных и модифицированных условиях (выращивание клеток штаммов в присутствии метилированного β-циклодекстрина (МЦД) и (или) предварительная инкубация в течение одного часа в калий-фосфатном буфере (рН = 5,5), содержащем 10 мМ NaCl и (или) 3М МЦД.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Образец пищевой добавки Е171 на основе диоксида титана в рутильной форме в стандартных условиях не индуцирует генных мутаций у бактерий S. typhimurium. При модификации протокола теста Эймса (уменьшение рН инкубационной смеси, введение 10 мМ NaCl) выявлены статистически значимые зависимые от дозы эффекты на штаммах ТА100, ТА98 и ТА97 в условиях метаболической инкубации. Однако кратность увеличения числа ревертантов на опытных чашках по сравнению с отрицательным контролем была менее 2.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование ограничено изучением мутагенности образцов диоксида титана с использованием одного метода — теста Эймса.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Для решения вопроса о генетической безопасности применения Е171 в качестве пищевых красителей необходимо оценить мутагенность диоксида титана в других тестах in vitro и in vivo с учётом размера и формы частиц. Кроме того, полный спектр исследований будет выполнен в отношении других образцов диоксида титана, присутствующих на рынке Российской Федерации.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Царёва А.А. — сбор материала, сбор литературных данных;Егорова О.В. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор литературных данных, анализ результатов, написание текста;Демидова Ю.В. — сбор материала;Илюшина Н.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, анализ результатов, написание текста.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 25.07.2023 / Принята к печати: 15.11.2023 / Опубликована: 28.12.2023</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Titanium dioxide in the Russian Federation is approved for use in the food industry, in the production of medicines and hygiene products. The food additive E171 is a mixture of micro- and nanoparticles of TiO2. In 2010, IARC classified TiO2 in nanoform as a probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). In vitro and in vivo studies of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide revealed contradictory results, indicating both the presence and absence of TiO2 mutagenicity.</p><p>The aim of the work is to evaluate the mutagenicity of the food additive E171 in the Ames test using standard and modified protocols.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The ability of food additive E171 (China) to induce reverse gene mutations in 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium was studied under standard and modified conditions (cultivation of bacteria in the presence of methylated b-cyclodextrin (MCD) and/or pre-incubation for 1 hour in potassium phosphate buffer, pH 5.5 containing 10 mM NaCl and/or 3M MCD).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A sample of food additive E171 based on rutile titanium dioxide does not induce gene mutations in S. typhimurium in standard experiments. Modification of the Ames test protocol (decrease of the incubation mixture pH, addition of 10 mM NaCl) revealed statistically significant dose-dependent effects in TA100, TA98, and TA97 strains under metabolic incubation conditions. However, the fold increase of the number of revertants in the experimental plates compared to the negative control was &lt; 2.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The research is limited to the mutagenicity assessment of food additive E171 (titanium dioxide) in the Ames test.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The evaluation of the mutagenicity of titanium dioxide in other in vitro and in vivo tests taking into account the size and shape of the particles, is necessary to resolve the issue of its genetic safety as a food dye. A full range of studies will be performed on other samples of titanium dioxide presented in the market of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not need the approval of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Tsareva A.A. — collection of material, collection of literature data;|Egorov O.V. — concept and design of research, collection of literature data, analysis of results, writing text;Demidova Yu.V. — collection of material;Ilyushina N.A. — concept and design of research, analysis of results, writing text.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: July 25, 2023 / Accepted: November 15, 2023 / Published: December 28, 2023</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мутагенность</kwd><kwd>тест Эймса</kwd><kwd>Salmonella</kwd><kwd>диоксид титана</kwd><kwd>пищевая добавка</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mutagenicity</kwd><kwd>the Ames test</kwd><kwd>Salmonellа typhimurium</kwd><kwd>titanium dioxide</kwd><kwd>food additive</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wani M.R, Shadab G. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle genotoxicity: A review of recent in vivo and in vitro studies. Toxicol. Ind. health. 2020; 36(7): 514–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233720936835</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wani M.R, Shadab G. 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