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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-120-129</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">idqvhq</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-3774</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Потери лет жизни вследствие смертности от заболеваний мочевыделительной системы в промышленном регионе Казахстана с загрязнением атмосферного воздуха</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Lost years of life due to the mortality from diseases of the urinary system in the industrial region of Kazakhstan with air pollution</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бибитова</surname><given-names>Шынар Султансиховна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bibitova</surname><given-names>Shynar S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: Bibitova@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the «Nephrology, adult, pediatric», NJSC «Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: Bibitova@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Bibitova@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галиакпарова</surname><given-names>Жулдыз Жилкибаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Galiakparova</surname><given-names>Zhuldyz Zh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: Galiakparova@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the «Nephrology, adult, pediatrics», Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: Galiakparova@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Galiakparova@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жаксылык</surname><given-names>Мухит Алмаханович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhaksylyk</surname><given-names>Mukhit A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: ZhaksylykM@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the «Nephrology, adult, pediatrics», Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: ZhaksylykM@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ZhaksylykM@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопуха</surname><given-names>Ирина Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopuha</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: Lopuha@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the Adult and Pediatric Nephrology, Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: Lopuha@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Lopuha@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оралова</surname><given-names>Роза Нуржановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Oralova</surname><given-names>Roza N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: OralovaR@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the «Adult and Pediatric Nephrology», Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: OralovaR@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">OralovaR@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сандыбаева</surname><given-names>Айнура Кайратовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sandybayeva</surname><given-names>Ainura K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: Sandybaeva_A@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the «Nephrology, adult, pediatrics», Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: Sandybaeva_A@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Sandybaeva_A@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хашимов</surname><given-names>Жахонгир Учкунович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khashimov</surname><given-names>Zhakhongir U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Резидент 1-го года обучения по специальности «Нефрология взрослая, детская», НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: HashimovZ@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident at the «Nephrology, adult, pediatrics», Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: HashimovZ@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">HashimovZ@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0555-1333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дюсембаева</surname><given-names>Найля Камашевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyussembaeva</surname><given-names>Nailya K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор каф. клинической фармакологии и доказательной медицины, НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан; Институт общественного здравоохранения и профессионального здоровья, 100012, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: N.Dyusembaeva@qmu.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., professor of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence-based Medicine; NJSC «Medical University of Karaganda», Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan; Institute of Public Health and Occupational Health, 100012, Karaganda, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: N.Dyusembaeva@qmu.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">N.Dyusembaeva@qmu.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2041-1259</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбалкина</surname><given-names>Дина Хабибуллаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybalkina</surname><given-names>Dina K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, ассоциированный профессор, каф. внутренних болезней, НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан; Институт общественного здравоохранения и профессионального здоровья, 100012, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: ystas666@list.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Dept. Internal Medicine; NJSC «Medical University of Karaganda», Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan; Institute of Public Health and Occupational Health, Karaganda, 100012, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: ystas666@list.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ystas666@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9291-7585</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дробченко</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drobchenko</surname><given-names>Yelena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистр мед. наук, преподаватель каф. информатики и биостатистики, НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: lena_drobchenko@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, teacher of the Department of Informatics and Biostatistics; Medical University of Karaganda, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: lena_drobchenko@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lena_drobchenko@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дягилев</surname><given-names>Максим Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyagilev</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Инженер-эколог, ТОО «ЭКОЭКСПЕРТ», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: info@ecoexpert.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Environmental engineer, «EKOEXPERT» LLP, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: info@ecoexpert.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">info@ecoexpert.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косач</surname><given-names>Валерия Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosach</surname><given-names>Valeria S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рук. сектора проектирования, ТОО «ЭКОЭКСПЕРТ», 100008, Караганда, Казахстан</p><p>e-mail: kosach@ecoexpert.kz</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Director design sector, «EKOEXPERT» LLP, Karaganda, 100008, Kazakhstan</p><p>e-mail: kosach@ecoexpert.kz</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kosach@ecoexpert.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical University of Karaganda</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды»НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical University of Karaganda</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НАО «Медицинский университет Караганды»; Институт общественного здравоохранения и профессионального здоровья</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Medical University of Karaganda; Institute of Public Health and Occupational Health</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ТОО «ЭКОЭКСПЕРТ»</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«EKOEXPERT» LLP</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>129</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бибитова Ш.С., Галиакпарова Ж.Ж., Жаксылык М.А., Лопуха И.В., Оралова Р.Н., Сандыбаева А.К., Хашимов Ж.У., Дюсембаева Н.К., Рыбалкина Д.Х., Дробченко Е.А., Дягилев М.А., Косач В.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бибитова Ш.С., Галиакпарова Ж.Ж., Жаксылык М.А., Лопуха И.В., Оралова Р.Н., Сандыбаева А.К., Хашимов Ж.У., Дюсембаева Н.К., Рыбалкина Д.Х., Дробченко Е.А., Дягилев М.А., Косач В.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bibitova S.S., Galiakparova Z.Z., Zhaksylyk M.A., Lopuha I.V., Oralova R.N., Sandybayeva A.K., Khashimov Z.U., Dyussembaeva N.K., Rybalkina D.K., Drobchenko Y.A., Dyagilev M.A., Kosach V.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3774">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3774</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Актуальность эпидемиологических проблем потери лет жизни вследствие болезней почек и мочевыводящих путей обусловлена прогрессивным ростом числа больных в ряде регионов и стран мира.</p><p>Цель работы — оценка потери лет жизни по причине смертности от болезней мочевыделительной системы (МВС) в Павлодарской области, являющейся одним из промышленных регионов Казахстана.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Медико-демографические (показатели смертности) и медико-статистические (показатели первичной заболеваемости) данные получены из Департамента статистики РЦЭРЗ РК (Республиканский центр электронного здравоохранения Республики Казахстан). Период исследования составил восемь лет (с 2015 по 2022 г.). Вычисление показателя Years of Life Lost (YLL, потери лет по смертности) проводили в соответствии с методическими рекомендациями. Оценка связей между показателями популяционного здоровья по патологиям мочевыделительной системы с социальными факторами (валовый внутренний продукт на душу населения — ВВП), показателями окружающей среды (экологическими и метеорологическими) как возможными причинами неблагоприятных событий в состоянии здоровья человека выполнена с использованием корреляционного анализа и анализа временных рядов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В структуре потери лет жизни вследствие смертности от болезней органов МВС лидировала ХПН (хроническая почечная недостаточность, 55,96–65,85%). В областном центре Павлодаре наблюдался пик потери лет по смертности от болезней мочевыделительной системы (МВС) в 2021 г. (3,3‰ YLLs), в период пандемии COVID-19. Согласно среднегодовым потерям по возрастным группам, в Павлодарской области максимальные потери выявлены в пожилом (10,5‰ YLLs) и старческом (15,8‰ YLLs) возрасте. Зарегистрировано превышение максимальных разовых концентраций загрязняющих веществ в атмосферном воздухе над уровнем ПДК с наибольшим уровнем загрязнения в 2018 г. Корреляционный анализ показал высокий уровень взаимосвязи потери лет жизни вследствие смертности по причине болезней МВС с загрязнением атмосферного воздуха в Экибастузе (r = 0,80), слабый — в Павлодарской области (r = 0,28) и низкий — в Павлодаре (r = 0,13).</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Из факторов загрязнения окружающей среды исследовали только факторы загрязнения атмосферного воздуха, что не отражает всех возможных влияний загрязнения окружающей среды на популяционное здоровье. В группе причин с шифром R превалировало заключение «старость», что, возможно, привело к неточному анализу причин смерти.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Выявлены региональные связи потери лет жизни по смертности по причине заболеваний МВС с загрязнением атмосферного воздуха и температурой в зимний период года, а также впервые выявленной заболеваемости с загрязнением атмосферного воздуха.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Бибитова Ш.С., Галиакпарова Ж.Ж., Жаксылык М.А., Дягилев М.А., Косач В.С. — сбор и обработка материала;Лопуха И.В., Оралова Р.Н., Сандыбаева А.К., Хашимов Ж.У. — написание текста;Дюсембаева Н.К. — концепция и дизайн исследования, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи;Рыбалкина Д.Х. — редактирование, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи;Дробченко Е.А. — статистическая обработка данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках проекта «Установка целевых показателей качества окружающей среды для Павлодарской области».</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 08.11.2023 / Поступила после доработки: 20.11.2023 / Принята к печати: 28.01.2024 / Опубликована: 15.03.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The relevance of the epidemiological problems of loss of years due to diseases of the kidney and urinary tract is due to the progressive gain in the number of patients in many regions and countries of the World.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose. Estimation of years of life lost due to the mortality from diseases of the urinary system (DUS) in the Pavlodar region, which is one of the industrial regions of Kazakhstan.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Medical-demographic (mortality rates) and medical-statistical (primary morbidity rates) data was obtained from the Department of Statistics of the Republican Center for Electronic Health Care of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RCEHC RK). The study period was eight years (from 2015 to 2022). The Years of Life Lost (YLL) indicator was calculated according to methodological recommendations. An assessment of the relationships between population health indicators for pathologies of the urinary system (US) with social factors (gross domestic product per capita — GDP), and environmental indicators (ecological and meteorological) as possible causes of adverse events in human health was carried out using correlation and time series analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In the structure of years of life lost due to the mortality from US organs, chronic renal failure (CRF, 55.96–65.85%) led. In the regional center of Pavlodar, there was a peak in years lost in mortality from DUS over 2021 (3.3‰ YLLs), during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the average annual losses by age groups, in the Pavlodar region, the maximum losses were detected in the elderly (10.5‰ YLLs) and senile (15.8‰ YLLs) age. An excess of the maximum one-time concentrations of pollutants in the atmospheric air above the MPC level with the highest pollution level in 2018 was registered. Correlation analysis showed a high level of correlation between the loss of years of life because of the mortality due to US diseases with atmospheric air pollution in Ekibastuz (r  = 0.80), weak — in Pavlodar region (r  = 0.28) and low — in Pavlodar (r = 0.13).</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Of the environmental pollution factors, only atmospheric air pollution factors were studied, which does not reflect all the possible effects of environmental pollution on population health. In the group of reasons with code R, the conclusion “old age” prevailed, which may have led to an inaccurate analysis of the causes of death.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Regional connections between the loss of years of life due to mortality due to US diseases with atmospheric air pollution and temperature in the winter season, as well as newly identified morbidity with atmospheric air pollution, have been identified.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Bibitova Sh.S., Galiakparova Zh.Zh., Zhaksylyk M.A., Dyagilev M.A., Kosach V.S. — collection and processing of material;Lopuha I.V., Oralova R.N., Sandybayeva A.K., Khashimov Zh.U. — text writing;Dyussembaeva N.K. — concept and design of the study, approval of the final version of the article;Rybalkina D.Kh. — editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;Drobchenko Ye.A. — statistical data processing.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment: the work was carried out within the framework of the project “Setting Target Indicators of Environmental Quality for the Pavlodar Region”.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: November 8, 2023 / Revised: Nnovember 20, 2023 / Accepted: January 28, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>смертность</kwd><kwd>болезни почек и мочевыделительных путей</kwd><kwd>YLL (Years of Life Lost</kwd><kwd>потери лет по смертности)</kwd><kwd>загрязнение атмосферного воздуха</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>kidney and urinary tract diseases</kwd><kwd>YLL (Years of Life Lost)</kwd><kwd>air pollution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнов А.В., Добронравов В.А., Каюков И.Г., Бодур-Ооржак А.О., Есаян A., Кучер А. 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