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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-152-157</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">pgujba</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-3779</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Индукция апоптоза на молекулярно-генетическом уровне под воздействием наночастиц оксида свинца в хроническом эксперименте на животных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Induction of apoptosis at the molecular genetic level exposed to lead oxide nanoparticles in a chronic animal experiment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4109-9268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берёза</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereza</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: berezaia@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: berezaia@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berezaia@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаихова</surname><given-names>Дарья Рамильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaikhova</surname><given-names>Daria R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: darya.boo@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: darya.boo@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">darya.boo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-7288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амромина</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Amromina</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: amrominaam@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: amrominaam@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amrominaam@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. научных основ биологической профилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ryabova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Laboratory of Scientific Bases for Biological Prophylaxis, Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryabova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, директор ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., Director, Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский–научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>152</fpage><lpage>157</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Амромина А.М., Рябова Ю.В., Минигалиева И.А., Сутункова М.П., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Амромина А.М., Рябова Ю.В., Минигалиева И.А., Сутункова М.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bereza I.A., Shaikhova D.R., Amromina A.M., Ryabova Y.V., Minigalieva I.A., Sutunkova M.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3779">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3779</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Риску интоксикации свинцом подвержены работники промышленных предприятий и население, проживающее на прилегающих территориях. Воздействие на организм свинца может приводить к необратимым негативным последствиям, среди которых нарушение функций печени и почек, кроветворной системы, когнитивных функций и воздействие на генетический аппарат клетки. В связи с этим необходимо изучать особенности токсического действия наночастиц оксида свинца (НЧ PbO) для определения последствий их воздействия на здоровье для минимизации возможных нарушений и патологий.</p><p>Цель исследования — определение уровня экспрессии генов BAX, BCL-2, P53, GSTM1, GSTP1, SOD2 в различных органах у лабораторных крыс, подвергшихся воздействию НЧ PbO.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Для проведения четырёхмесячной хронической ингаляционной экспозиции использовали 20 белых половозрелых самок крыс породы Wistar, по 10 особей в каждой группе (опытная и контрольная). Средняя концентрация НЧ PbO во вдыхаемом воздухе для животных из опытной группы составляла 0,215 мг/м3. После завершения экспозиционного периода фрагменты органов декапированных животных фиксировали в жидком азоте с последующим хранением в морозильной камере при температуре минус 80 °C. Тотальную РНК из тканей выделяли с использованием реагента ExtractRNA. Определение уровня экспрессии проводилось методом количественной ПЦР в реальном времени после проведения реакции обратной транскрипции.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Уровень экспрессии BAX в печени крыс после воздействия НЧ PbO на протяжении четырёх месяцев был в 2,2 раза достоверно выше по сравнению с контрольной группой (p = 0,009). Также была обнаружена тенденция к увеличению соотношения BAX/BCL-2 в печени, что свидетельствует о наличии апоптотических процессов. Уровень экспрессии P53 был в 1,4 раза выше в обонятельной луковице крыс после воздействия НЧ PbO (p = 0,025) в сравнении с контрольной группой. Не было обнаружено изменений уровней экспрессии антиоксидантных генов GSTM1, GSTP1, SOD2.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Данная работа выполнена на самках крыс породы Wistar и не учитывает возможных межполовых различий.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Хроническое ингаляционное воздействие НЧ PbO вызывает у крыс апоптоз в печени по пути BAX/BCL-2, а также в головном мозге путём регуляции P53.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Заключение локального этического комитета ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора: содержание, питание, уход за животными и выведение их из эксперимента осуществляли в соответствии с общепринятыми требованиями с учётом ARRIVE guidelines. Исследования были одобрены локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 4 от 12.07.2022 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Берёза И.А. — сбор материала и обработка данных, статистическая обработка, написание текста, редактирование;Шаихова Д.Р. — сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование;Амромина А.М. — сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование;Рябова Ю.В. — сбор материала, редактирование;Минигалиева И.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование;Сутункова М.П. — концепция и дизайн исследования.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 10.01.2024 / Принята к печати: 09.02.2024 / Опубликована: 15.03.202</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Workers of industrial enterprises and the population living nearby are at risk of lead poisoning. Lead exposure can lead to irreversible negative consequences for the body, including hepatic and renal dysfunction, hematopoietic damage, cognitive dysfunction, and impairment of the genetic apparatus of the human cell. In this regard, it is necessary to study characteristics of the toxic effect of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs) to determine their health effects and minimize related disorders and diseases.</p><p>The purpose of the study was to determine the level of expression of the BAX, BCL-2, P53, GSTM1, GSTP1, and SOD2 genes in various organs of laboratory rats following the exposure to lead oxide nanoparticles.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Twenty mature female albino Wistar rats were used in a four month experiment with chronic inhalation exposure to PbO NPs, 10 animals per group (exposure and control). The mean concentration of PbO NPs in the inhaled air was 0.215 mg/m3. At the end of the exposure period, organ fragments from the decapitated animals were fixed in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored in a freezer at –80 °C. Total RNA was isolated from tissues using the ExtractRNA reagent. The expression level was determined by quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The BAX expression in the liver of rats exposed to PbO NPs for 4 months was by 2.2 times higher than in the control group (p=0.009). We observed a trend towards an increase in the BAX/BCL-2 ratio in hepatocytes indicating apoptotic processes. The P53 expression level was by 1.4 times higher in the olfactory bulb of the exposed rats (p = 0.025) when compared to the controls. No changes were found in the expression levels of antioxidant genes GSTM1, GSTP1, and SOD2.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was conducted using female Wistar rats with no potential sex differences taken into account.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Chronic inhalation exposure to PbO NPs induces apoptosis in rat liver through the BAX/BCL-2 pathway and rat brain through the regulation of P53.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. According to the Conclusion of the local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers keeping, nutrition, care of animals and their removal from the experiment were carried out in accordance with generally accepted requirements, taking into account ARRIVE guidelines. The studies were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 4 of July 12, 2022).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Bereza I.A. — data collection and processing, statistical analysis, draft manuscript preparation, editing;Shaikhova D.R. — data collection and processing, draft manuscript preparation, editing;Amromina A.M. — data collection and processing, draft manuscript preparation, editing;Ryabova Yu.V. — data collection, editing;Minigalieva I.A. — study conception and design, editing;Sutunkova M.P. — study conception and design.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: January 10, 2024 / Accepted: February 9, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы свинца</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>антиоксидантные ферменты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lead nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>antioxidant enzymes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baloch S., Kazi T.G., Baig J.A., Afridi H.I., Arain M.B. Occupational exposure of lead and cadmium on adolescent and adult workers of battery recycling and welding workshops: Adverse impact on health. Sci. 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