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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-2-158-164</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">qtnvci</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-3780</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние хронического поступления хлорида кадмия на транскрипционную активность генов металлотионеинов и переносчиков цинка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Effect of chronic intake of cadmium chloride on the transcriptional activity of metallothionein and zinc transporter genes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-0864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>Алина Анваровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: alinagisa@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: alinagisa@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinagisa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валова</surname><given-names>Яна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valova</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Q.juk@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Q.juk@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Q.juk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смолянкин</surname><given-names>Денис Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyankin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-8180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Надежда Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">h-n-yu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, head of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lich-tsar@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, senior researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lich-tsar@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lich-tsar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-4787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаммадиева</surname><given-names>Гузель Фанисовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhammadiyeva</surname><given-names>Guzel F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ufniimt@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, senior researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ufniimt@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ufniimt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-0846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репина</surname><given-names>Эльвира Фаридовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repina</surname><given-names>Elvira F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, senior researcher of the Dept. of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, 450106, Ufa, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.f.repina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>158</fpage><lpage>164</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гизатуллина А.А., Валова Я.В., Смолянкин Д.А., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Каримов Д.О., Каримов Д.Д., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Репина Э.Ф., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гизатуллина А.А., Валова Я.В., Смолянкин Д.А., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Каримов Д.О., Каримов Д.Д., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Репина Э.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gizatullina A.A., Valova Y.V., Smolyankin D.A., Khusnutdinova N.Y., Karimov D.O., Karimov D.D., Mukhammadiyeva G.F., Repina E.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3780">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/3780</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Хлорид кадмия представляет собой неорганическое соединение, содержащее кадмий – тяжёлый металл, являющийся в настоящее время одним из активных загрязнителей окружающей среды. Повреждения органов экспериментальных животных вследствие отравления кадмием схожи с таковыми у людей. В данной работе изучена активность генов металлотионеинов и транспортёров цинка на хронической модели индуцированного кадмием отравления экспериментальных животных.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В эксперименте были использованы 72 белые инбредные крысы (самцы и самки, средняя масса 215 г). Были сформированы четыре опытные группы (по 7 самок и 7 самцов в каждой) и одна контрольная. Животным опытных групп вводили раствор хлорида кадмия в четырёх различных дозах соответственно, особи контрольной группы получали в эквимолярном объёме чистую воду. Объектами исследования были выбраны почки и печень крыс, изъятые после вывода животных из эксперимента. Далее в образцах органов была проанализирована активность генов Mt1A, Mt2A, Mt3A, Zip1 и Znt1 с использованием метода ПЦР в режиме реального времени.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлены значимые повышения кратности экспрессии генов металлотионеинов Mt1A, Mt2A и Mt3A в почках при различных дозах токсиканта. В образцах печени обнаружено снижение экспрессии гена Mt2A в экспериментальной группе, подверженной воздействию хлорида кадмия в дозе 0,1 мг/кг (p &lt; 0,05). Для гена Znt1 в ткани печени крыс отмечается статистически значимое снижение экспрессии при дозе 0,001 мг/кг (p &lt; 0,05) и повышение при дозах 0,1 и 1 мг/кг (p &lt; 0,05) по сравнению с группой контроля. Анализ уровня транскриптов гена Zip1 в почках и печени после шести месяцев затравки токсикантом в представленных дозах не выявил статистически значимых различий между группами.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Для эксперимента были использованы лабораторные животные только одного биологического вида. Были оценены четыре дозы лишь одной соли кадмия.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать вывод о том, что уровень экспрессии генов Mt1A, Mt2A и Mt3A в почках может играть роль диагностического маркёра при хроническом отравлении исследуемым токсикантом.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено биоэтической комиссией ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» 11.12.2023 г. № 01–12. Животные на протяжении всего исследования находились в стандартных условиях с двенадцатичасовым искусственным освещением в дневное время, относительно постоянным уровнем влажности (30–70%) и температурой воздуха плюс 20–25 °С. Манипуляции со всеми животными проводились строго с соблюдением правил, изложенных в базисных нормативных документах, в том числе в «Европейской конвенции по защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментальных и других научных целей» (Strasbourg, 1986) и Хельсинкской декларации о гуманном отношении к животным.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Гизатуллина А.А. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка, написание текста;Валова Я.В. — сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка;Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Смолянкин Д.О., Каримов Д.Д. — сбор и обработка материала;Каримов Д.О. — концепция и дизайн исследования, статистическая обработка;Мухаммадиева Г.Ф. — редактирование;Репина Э.Ф. — концепция и дизайн исследования.Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Отраслевая научно-исследовательская программа Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека на 2021–2025 гг., п. 6.1.9 «Экспериментальное обоснование высокочувствительных маркёров воздействия токсичных металлов на организм и разработка мер профилактики».</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 26.12.2023 / Поступила после доработки: 29.01.2024 / Принята к печати: 09.02.2024 / Опубликована: 15.03.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Cadmium chloride is an inorganic compound containing cadmium, a heavy metal that is one of the active environmental pollutants today. Damage to organs in experimental animals due to cadmium poisoning is similar to that in humans. In this work, the activity of metallothionein and zinc transporters genes was studied in a chronic model of cadmium-induced poisoning in experimental animals.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out using seventy two individuals of white inbred rats of both sexes, the average weight of which was 215 g. Animals from four groups were injected with a solution of cadmium chloride in four different doses, respectively, individuals of the fifth group, the control group, received an equimolar volume of pure water. The objects of the study were the kidneys and livers of rats, removed after the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. Next, the activity of the Mt1A, Mt2A, Mt3A, Zip1 and Znt1 genes was analyzed in organ samples using real-time PCR.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Significant increases in the expression multiplicity of Mt1A, Mt2A and Mt3A metallothionein genes in the kidneys at different doses of the toxicant were revealed. In liver samples, a decrease in the expression of the Mt2A gene was found in the experimental group exposed to cadmium chloride at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg (p&lt;0.05). For the Znt1 gene in rat liver tissue, there was a statistically significant decrease in expression at a dose of 0.001 mg/kg (p&lt;0.05) and, conversely, an increase at doses of 0.1 and 1 mg/kg (p&lt;0.05) compared to the control group. Analysis of the level of transcripts of the Zip1 gene in the kidneys and liver after 6 months of inoculation with the toxicant in the presented doses did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Laboratory animals of the only biological species were used for the experiment. Four doses of the cadmium salt alone were evaluated.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results obtained allow concluding that the level of expression of the Mt1A, Mt2A and Mt3A genes in the kidneys can play the role of a diagnostic marker in chronic poisoning with the toxicant under study.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. Date of the meeting of the bioethical commission of the Federal Budgetary Institution “Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology” 12/11/2023 No. 01-12. Throughout the study, the animals were kept under standard conditions with 12 hours of artificial lighting during the day, a relatively constant level of humidity (30–70%) and an air temperature of 20–25 °C. Manipulations with all animals were carried out strictly in compliance with the rules prescribed in basic regulatory documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Declaration of Helsinki on the Humane Treatment of Animals.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Gizatullina A.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, text writing;Valova Y.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Smolyankin D.O., Karimov D.D. — collection and processing of material;Karimov D.O. — concept and design of the study, statistical processing;Muhammadieva G.F. — editing;Repina E.F. — concept and design of the study.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare for 2021–2025. clause 6.1.9. "Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of the effects of toxic metals on the body and development of preventive measures".</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: December 26, 2023 / Revised: January 29, 2024 / Accepted: February 29, 2024 / Published: March 15, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гены Mt1A</kwd><kwd>Mt2A</kwd><kwd>Mt3A</kwd><kwd>Zip1</kwd><kwd>Znt1</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>эукариоты</kwd><kwd>хлорид кадмия</kwd><kwd>хронический эксперимент</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mt1</kwd><kwd>Mt2A</kwd><kwd>Mt3A</kwd><kwd>Zip1</kwd><kwd>Znt1</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>eukaryotes</kwd><kwd>cadmium chloride</kwd><kwd>chronic experiment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Костылева Н.В., Рачёва Н.Л. Характеристики загрязняющих веществ. 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