<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-6-591-596</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">puyesv</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4137</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Маркёры аллергии и иммунорегуляции у детей в условиях аэрогенной экспозиции алюминием</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Markers of allergy and immunoregulation in children under conditions of aerogenic exposure to aluminum</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-3145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгих</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgikh</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, зав. отд. иммунобиологических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН»; 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: oleg@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., head of the Dept. of immunobiological diagnostic methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: oleg@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oleg@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0170-1824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дианова</surname><given-names>Дина Гумяровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dianova</surname><given-names>Dina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. иммунобиологических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН»; 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: dianovadina@rambler.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., senior researcher of the Dept. of immunobiological diagnostic methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: dianovadina@rambler.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dianovadina@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-2448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинкина</surname><given-names>Алиса Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinkina</surname><given-names>Alisa S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. иммуногенетики отд. иммунобиологических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: shirinkina.ali@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher of the of the Lab. of immunogenetics of the Dept. of immunobiological diagnostic methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: shirinkina.ali@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shirinkina.ali@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>591</fpage><lpage>596</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Долгих О.В., Дианова Д.Г., Ширинкина А.С., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долгих О.В., Дианова Д.Г., Ширинкина А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolgikh O.V., Dianova D.G., Shirinkina A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4137">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4137</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Изучение особенностей сенсибилизации и иммунологической реактивности в условиях аэрогенной экспозиции алюминием является актуальным в аспекте ранней идентификации и профилактики формирования риска нарушений иммунологического здоровья детского населения, проживающего в зоне дестабилизации среды обитания.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Обследованы дети дошкольного возраста (n = 353), проживающие на территории Восточной Сибири. Группа наблюдения — дети (n = 199), проживающие на селитебной территории в зоне влияния выбросов предприятий цветной металлургии, группа сравнения (n = 154), проживающие на условно чистой территории. На территории наблюдения среднесуточная доза аэрогенной экспозиции алюминием составила 0,292 ∙ 10–3 мг/(кг ∙ сут), на территории сравнения — 0,0376 ∙ 10–3 мг/(кг ∙ сут). В работе использовали санитарно-гигиенические, химико-аналитические, иммуноферментные и аллергосорбентный методы исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У детей, проживающих в условиях экспозиции алюминием, в биосредах идентифицировано двукратное превышение содержания алюминия относительно группы сравнения (p = 0,001). У обследуемых детей с избыточным уровнем алюминия в биосредах отмечена гиперпродукция IgG к алюминию, клеточных фенотипов CD19+- и CD3+CD8+-лимфоцитов (в 1,6 раза), NKT-лимфоцитов (в 2 раза) и CD11а+-лимфоцитов в 1,4 раза относительно группы сравнения (p = 0,001), что отражает дисбаланс иммунорегуляции и формирование аутоаллергии. По результатам моделирования установлена достоверная зависимость гиперпродукции IgE общего и специфического IgG к алюминию (OR = 2,29–5,98; 95%-й ДИ 1,76–9,52), (RR = 1,93–2,66; 95%-й ДИ 1,41–3,54).</p><p>Ограничения исследования обусловлены объёмом выборки.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. К маркёрам аллергии и дисбаланса иммунорегуляции у детей в условиях аэрогенной экспозиции алюминием на уровне 0,292 ∙ 10–3 мг/(кг ∙ день) и при повышенном содержании алюминия в биологических средах необходимо рекомендовать IgG к алюминию в качестве маркёра специфической реагиновой чувствительности к алюминию, а также минорный кластер клеточной дифференцировки скурфин (CD11a+), отражающие вероятность формирования риска развития иммунологической дезадаптации и аутосенсибилизации (OR = 2,29–5,98; RR = 1,93–2,66).</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Протокол исследования одобрен комитетом по биомедицинской этике «Локальный этический комитет ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН» № 2 от 22.03.2022 г. Все родители (законные представители) обследуемых детей подписали информированное согласие на их участие в исследовании.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Долгих О.В. — разработка концепции исследования, анализ и интерпретация данных, редактирование рукописи;Дианова Д.Г. — разработка концепции и дизайна исследования, анализ и интерпретация данных, написание текста рукописи;Ширинкина А.С. — сбор и обработка данных, таблицы.Все соавторы рассмотрели результаты и одобрили окончательный вариант рукописи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнялось в рамках научно-исследовательской работы НИОКТР № 121081900041–3, рег. № ИКРБС, и не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 08.04.2024 / Принята к печати: 19.06.2024 / Опубликована: 17.07.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The study of sensitization under conditions of aerogenic exposure to aluminum is relevant for preventing the formation of the risk of disorders of the immunological health in the child population.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Preschool three hundred fifty three children living in Eastern Siberia were examined. Observation group included 199 children living in the zone exposed to emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, comparison group — 154 children living in a “conditionally clean” area. In the observation area, the average daily dose of aerogenic exposure to aluminum was 0.292 ∙ 10–3 mg/(kg ∙ day), in the comparison area — 0.0376 ∙ 10–3mg/(kg ∙ day). The work used sanitary-hygienic, chemical-analytical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent and allergosorbent research methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In children living under conditions of aluminum exposure, a twofold excess of aluminum content was identified in biological environments relative to the comparison group (p = 0.001), hyperproduction of IgG to aluminum, CD19+ and CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes (1.6 times), and NKT lymphocytes (2 times) and CD11a+ lymphocytes 1.4 times (p=0.001) was noted, which reflects an imbalance of immunoregulation and the formation of autoallergy. A significant relationship was established between hyperproduction of total IgE and IgG to aluminum (OR=2.29–5.98; 95% CI 1.76–9.52), (RR=1.93–2.66; 95% CI: 1.41–3.54)</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations of the study</title><p>Limitations of the study. Limited sample size.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. As markers of allergy and imbalance of immunoregulation in children under conditions of aerogenic exposure to aluminum and with its increased content in biological media, it is necessary to recommend IgG to aluminum as a marker of sensitivity, as well as CD11a+, reflecting the likelihood of developing a risk of developing immunological disadaptation and autosensitization (OR = 2.29–5.98), (RR=1.93–2.66).</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study design was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, No. 2 from 03/22/2022.</p></sec><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions:Dolgikh O.V. — development of the research concept, analysis and interpretation of data, editing of the manuscript;Dianova D.G. — development of the concept and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the manuscript;Shirinkina A.S. — data collection and processing, tables.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 8, 2024 / Accepted: June 19, 2024 / Published: July 17, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аэрогенная экспозиция</kwd><kwd>алюминий</kwd><kwd>иммунорегуляция</kwd><kwd>CD11а+</kwd><kwd>IgG к алюминию</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aerogenic exposure</kwd><kwd>aluminum</kwd><kwd>immunoregulation</kwd><kwd>CD11a+</kwd><kwd>IgG to aluminum</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Государственный доклад «О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2022 году». М.; 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">State report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2022». Moscow; 2023. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ефимова Н.В., Донских И.В., Зароднюк Т.С., Горнов А.Ю. Оценка и прогноз заболеваемости подростков, проживающих в зоне влияния производства алюминия. Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2014; 54(4): 44–9. https://elibrary.ru/scevlx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efimova N.V., Donskikh I.V., Zarodnyuk T.S., Gornov A.Yu. Assessing and forecasting morbidity of adolescents living in area influenced by aluminium production. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya. 2014; 54(4): 44–9. https://elibrary.ru/scevlx (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Устинова О.Ю., Валина С.Л., Штина И.Е., Кобякова О.А., Макарова В.Г. Особенности заболеваемости детей, проживающих в зоне влияния предприятий по производству глинозема. Здоровье населения и среда обитания – ЗНиСО. 2019; (1): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2019-310-1-18-23 https://elibrary.ru/fpuhjt</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ustinova O.Yu., Valina S.L., Shtina I.E., Kobyakova O.A., Makarova V.G. Features of children’s morbidity living in area of influence enterprises for alumina production. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya – ZNiSO. 2019; (1): 19–23. https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2019-310-1-18-23 https://elibrary.ru/fpuhjt (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скупневский С.В., Иванов Д.В. Воздействие алюминия и его соединений на функции органов и тканей человека (обзорная статья). Вестник новых медицинских технологий. Электронное издание. 2023; 17(1): 110–24. https://doi.org/10.24412/2075-4094-2023-1-3-7 https://elibrary.ru/vgrxrm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skupnevskii S.V., Ivanov D.V. The effect of aluminum and its compounds on the functions of human organs and tissues (review article). Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologii. Elektronnoe izdanie. 2023; 17(1): 110–24. https://doi.org/10.24412/2075-4094-2023-1-3-7 https://elibrary.ru/vgrxrm (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renke G., Almeida V.B.P., Souza E.A., Lessa S., Teixeira R.L., Rocha L., et al. Clinical outcomes of the deleterious effects of aluminum on neuro-cognition, inflammation, and health: A review. Nutrients. 2023; 5(9): 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renke G., Almeida V.B.P., Souza E.A., Lessa S., Teixeira R.L., Rocha L., et al. Clinical outcomes of the deleterious effects of aluminum on neuro-cognition, inflammation, and health: A review. Nutrients. 2023; 5(9): 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кутай В.Е., Цыганков В.Ю. Физико-химические свойства и распространение алюминия в окружающей среде, влияние на живые организмы, снижение его токсического действия. Медицинский академический журнал. 2021; 21(2): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.17816/MAJ64912 https://elibrary.ru/jqstpg</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutai V.E., Tsygankov V.Yu. The physicochemical properties and distribution of aluminum in the environment, the effect on living organisms, the reduction of its toxic effect. Meditsinskii akademicheskii zhurnal. 2021; 21(2): 25–36. https://doi.org/10.17816/MAJ64912 https://elibrary.ru/jqstpg (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuo Y., Lu X., Wang X., Sooranna S.R., Tao L., Chen S., et al. Correction to: high-dose aluminum exposure further alerts immune phenotype in aplastic anemia patients. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021; 199(8): 3178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02412-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuo Y., Lu X., Wang X., Sooranna S.R., Tao L., Chen S., et al. Correction to: high-dose aluminum exposure further alerts immune phenotype in aplastic anemia patients. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2021; 199(8): 3178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02412-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang T., He P., Guo D., Chen K., Hu Z., Zou Y. Research progress of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and their action mechanisms. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(6): 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061756.4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang T., He P., Guo D., Chen K., Hu Z., Zou Y. Research progress of aluminum phosphate adjuvants and their action mechanisms. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(6): 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15061756.4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alasfar R.H., Isaifan R.J. Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021; 28(33): 44587–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14700-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alasfar R.H., Isaifan R.J. Aluminum environmental pollution: the silent killer. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2021; 28(33): 44587–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14700-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hethey C., Hartung N., Wangorsch G., Weisser K., Huisinga W. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium in rat and man. Arch. Toxicol. 2021; 95(9): 2977–3000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03107-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hethey C., Hartung N., Wangorsch G., Weisser K., Huisinga W. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium in rat and man. Arch. Toxicol. 2021; 95(9): 2977–3000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03107-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liao Y., Sun L., Nie M., Li J., Huang X., Heng S., et al. Modulation of skin inflammatory responses by aluminum adjuvant. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(2): 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020576</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liao Y., Sun L., Nie M., Li J., Huang X., Heng S., et al. Modulation of skin inflammatory responses by aluminum adjuvant. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(2): 576. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020576</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Linneberg A., Jacobsen R.K., Jespersen L., Abildstrøm S.Z. Association of subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy with incidence of autoimmune disease, ischemic heart disease, and mortality. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012; 129: 413–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Linneberg A., Jacobsen R.K., Jespersen L., Abildstrøm S.Z. Association of subcutaneous allergen-specific immunotherapy with incidence of autoimmune disease, ischemic heart disease, and mortality. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012; 129: 413–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.09.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffmann S.S., Thiesson E.M., Johansen J.D., Hviid A. Risk factors for granulomas in children following immunization with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines: A Danish population-based cohort study. Contact. Dermat. 2022; 87: 430–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14180</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann S.S., Thiesson E.M., Johansen J.D., Hviid A. Risk factors for granulomas in children following immunization with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines: A Danish population-based cohort study. Contact. Dermat. 2022; 87: 430–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.14180</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шугалей И.В., Гарабаджиу А.В., Илюшин М.А., Судариков А.М. Некоторые аспекты влияния алюминия и его соединений на живые организмы. Экологическая химия. 2012; 21(3): 172–86. https://elibrary.ru/stgsyt</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shugalei I.V., Garabadzhiu A.V., Ilyushin M.A., Sudarikov A.M. Some aspects of the influence of aluminum and its compounds on living organisms. Ekologicheskaya khimiya. 2012; 21(3): 172–86. https://elibrary.ru/stgsyt (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hethey C., Hartung N., Wangorsch G., Weisser K., Huisinga W. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium in rat and man. Arch. Toxicol. 2021; 95(9): 2977–3000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03107-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hethey C., Hartung N., Wangorsch G., Weisser K., Huisinga W. Physiology-based toxicokinetic modelling of aluminium in rat and man. Arch. Toxicol. 2021; 95(9): 2977–3000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-03107-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Terhune T.D., Deth R.C. Aluminum adjuvant-containing vaccines in the context of the hygiene hypothesis: a risk factor for eosinophilia and allergy in a genetically susceptible subpopulation? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018; 15(5): 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terhune T.D., Deth R.C. Aluminum adjuvant-containing vaccines in the context of the hygiene hypothesis: a risk factor for eosinophilia and allergy in a genetically susceptible subpopulation? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2018; 15(5): 901. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zaitseva N.V., Dolgikh O.V., Dianova D.G. Exposure to airborne nickel and phenol and features of the immune response mediated by E and G immunoglobulins. Health Risk Analysis. 2023; (2): 160–8. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.2.16.eng https://elibrary.ru/jqjrso</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Dolgikh O.V., Dianova D.G. Exposure to airborne nickel and phenol and features of the immune response mediated by E and G immunoglobulins. Health Risk Analysis. 2023; (2): 160–8. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2023.2.16.eng https://elibrary.ru/jqjrso</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semmes E.C., Chen J.L., Goswami R., Burt T.D., Permar S.R., Fouda G.G. Understanding early-life adaptive immunity to guide interventions for pediatric health. Front. Immunol. 2021; 11: 595297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.595297</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semmes E.C., Chen J.L., Goswami R., Burt T.D., Permar S.R., Fouda G.G. Understanding early-life adaptive immunity to guide interventions for pediatric health. Front. Immunol. 2021; 11: 595297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.595297</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaszubowska L., Foerster J., Kmieć Z. NKT-like (CD3+CD56+) cells differ from T cells in expression level of cellular protective proteins and sensitivity to stimulation in the process of ageing. Immun. Ageing. 2022; 19(1): 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-022-00274-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaszubowska L., Foerster J., Kmieć Z. NKT-like (CD3+CD56+) cells differ from T cells in expression level of cellular protective proteins and sensitivity to stimulation in the process of ageing. Immun. Ageing. 2022; 19(1): 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-022-00274-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandala W.L. Expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, and CD18 on neutrophils from different clinical types of malaria in Malawian children. J. Blood Med. 2022: 13: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S343109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandala W.L. Expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, and CD18 on neutrophils from different clinical types of malaria in Malawian children. J. Blood Med. 2022: 13: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S343109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hameed M.A., Nafady H.A., Mostafa M.I., Sayed D., Obiedallah A.A. Possible role of CD11a in primary immune thrombocytopenia patients on immunosuppressive therapy. J. Blood Med. 2021; 12: 197–205. https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S300717</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hameed M.A., Nafady H.A., Mostafa M.I., Sayed D., Obiedallah A.A. Possible role of CD11a in primary immune thrombocytopenia patients on immunosuppressive therapy. J. Blood Med. 2021; 12: 197–205. https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S300717</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bose T.O., Pham Q.M., Jellison E.R., Mouries J., Ballantyne C.M., Lefrançois L. CD11a regulates effector CD8 T cell differentiation and central memory development in response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 2013; 81(4): 1140–51. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00749-12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bose T.O., Pham Q.M., Jellison E.R., Mouries J., Ballantyne C.M., Lefrançois L. CD11a regulates effector CD8 T cell differentiation and central memory development in response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 2013; 81(4): 1140–51. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00749-12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García-Salido A., Cuenca-Carcelén S., Castillo-Robleda A. CD64, CD11a and CD18 leukocytes expression in children with SARS-CoV-2 multisystem inflammatory syndrome versus children with Kawasaki disease: Similar but not the same. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2021; 156(2): 89–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.09.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García-Salido A., Cuenca-Carcelén S., Castillo-Robleda A. CD64, CD11a and CD18 leukocytes expression in children with SARS-CoV-2 multisystem inflammatory syndrome versus children with Kawasaki disease: Similar but not the same. Med. Clin. (Barc). 2021; 156(2): 89–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2020.09.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costa A.A., Chatterjee J., Cobb O., Sanapala S., Scheaffer S., Guo X., et al. RNA sequence analysis reveals ITGAL/CD11A as a stromal regulator of murine low-grade glioma growth. Neuro-Oncology. 2022; 24(1): 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab130</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costa A.A., Chatterjee J., Cobb O., Sanapala S., Scheaffer S., Guo X., et al. RNA sequence analysis reveals ITGAL/CD11A as a stromal regulator of murine low-grade glioma growth. Neuro-Oncology. 2022; 24(1): 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab130</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бочарова О.А., Карпова Р.В., Бочаров Е.В., Вершинская А.А., Барышникова М.А., Девришов Д.А. и др. Модуляция экспрессии молекул адгезии на клетках периферической крови у мышей СВА при гепатоканцерогенезе. Лабораторные животные для научных исследований. 2020; (1): 42–6. https://doi.org/10.29296/2618723X-2020-01-05 https://elibrary.ru/azwiis</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bocharova O.A., Karpova R.V., Bocharov E.V., Vershinskaya A.A., Baryshnikova M.A., Devrishov D.A., et al. Modulation of the adhesion molecules expression on peripheral blood cells in CBA mice during hepatocarcinogenesis. Laboratornye zhivotnye dlya nauchnykh issledovanii. 2020; (1): 42–6. https://doi.org/10.29296/2618723X-2020-01-05 https://elibrary.ru/azwiis (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y., Shu Y., Xiao Y., Wang Q., Kanekura T., Li Y., et al. Hypomethylation and overexpression of ITGAL (CD11a) in CD4(+) T cells in systemic sclerosis. Clin. Epigenetics. 2014; 6(1): 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1868-7083-6-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y., Shu Y., Xiao Y., Wang Q., Kanekura T., Li Y., et al. Hypomethylation and overexpression of ITGAL (CD11a) in CD4(+) T cells in systemic sclerosis. Clin. Epigenetics. 2014; 6(1): 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1868-7083-6-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu X., Liu B., Ruan Z., Chen M., Li C., Shi H., et al. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals downregulation of ITGAL and Syk by the effects of cycloastragenol in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022; 2022: 6842530. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6842530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu X., Liu B., Ruan Z., Chen M., Li C., Shi H., et al. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals downregulation of ITGAL and Syk by the effects of cycloastragenol in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022; 2022: 6842530. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6842530</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ланин Д.В., Зайцева Н.В., Долгих О.В. Нейроэндокринные механизмы регуляции функций иммунной системы. Успехи современной биологии. 2011; 131(2): 122–34. https://elibrary.ru/ntrviv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lanin D.V., Zaitseva N.V., Dolgikh O.V. Neuroendocrine mechanisms for regulation of immune system. Uspekhi sovremennoi biologii. 2011; 131(2): 122–34. https://elibrary.ru/ntrviv (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
