<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-7-649-656</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">fsfnzh</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4240</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современное состояние правового регулирования обращения с отходами лекарственных средств в России и за рубежом (аналитический обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The current state of legal regulation of waste management of medicines in Russia and abroad (analytical review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4217-4300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балакаева</surname><given-names>Алиса Викторовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balakaeva</surname><given-names>Alisa V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. ФБУН ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана, 141000, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Balakaeva.AV@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. in Biology, senior researcher of the Department of Scientific Support for Laboratory Research of Products and Environmental Objects of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, 141014, Mytishchi, 141000, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Balakaeva.AV@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Balakaeva.AV@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7711-9489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скопин</surname><given-names>Антон Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skopin</surname><given-names>Anton Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. научного обеспечения лабораторных исследований продукции и объектов окружающей среды ФБУН ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана, 141000, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: skopin.ayu@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., Head of the Department of Scientific Support for Laboratory Research of Products and Environmental Objects of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, 141014, Mytishchi, 141000, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: skopin.ayu@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skopin.ayu@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-0690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синицына</surname><given-names>Оксана Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitsyna</surname><given-names>Oksana O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, член-корр. РАН, зам. директора по научной работе ФБУН ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана, 141000, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Sinitsyna.oo@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy Director for Scientific Work of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, 141014, Mytishchi, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sinitsyna.oo@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Sinitsyna.oo@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-009X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Русаков</surname><given-names>Николай Васильевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rusakov</surname><given-names>Nikolay V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, ведущий специалист отдела гигиены ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: rusakovnv39@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., professor, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leading specialist of Hygiene Department of the Centre for Strategic Planning, 119121, Moscow, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: rusakovnv39@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rusakovnv39@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman; Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>649</fpage><lpage>656</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Балакаева А.В., Скопин А.Ю., Синицына О.О., Русаков Н.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Балакаева А.В., Скопин А.Ю., Синицына О.О., Русаков Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Balakaeva A.V., Skopin A.Y., Sinitsyna O.O., Rusakov N.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4240">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4240</self-uri><abstract><p>Интенсивное производство и применение лекарственных средств приводит к попаданию их в окружающую среду. Для оценки ситуации и определения тактики безопасного обращения с ними необходимо, в первую очередь, оценить степень законодательного регулирования вопроса.</p><p>В рамках обзора проанализированы действующие нормативные документы, касающиеся обращения с отходами лекарственных средств (ЛС) и их правильной утилизации. Приведены соответствующие европейские нормы и рекомендации. Обнаружен ряд противоречий и неурегулированных аспектов. Анализ нормативной базы выявил несогласованность требований санитарно-эпидемиологического и природоохранного законодательств, что препятствует налаживанию системы обращения с отходами ЛС, приводя к практическим сложностям с их обращением (проблемы утилизации, судебные споры и др.). Выявлено, что нормативное регулирование одинаковых по составу отходов ЛС различно в зависимости от способа образования, а не от состава и предполагаемой опасности.</p><p>Отсутствует не только регламентация конкретных способов утилизации и обезвреживания отходов ЛС в зависимости от их состава, но и контроль эффективности этих процессов по воздействию на окружающую среду. Требование указания производителем способов утилизации выпущенных ЛС не установлено. Определение класса опасности по влиянию на окружающую среду ЛС, образованных при осуществлении медицинской деятельности, в настоящее время не обязательно. Отсутствие регламентированной системы сбора отходов ЛС от населения не позволяет обеспечить их безопасную утилизацию и централизованно отслеживать количество. Данные обстоятельства могут привести к бесконтрольному уничтожению ЛС с неизвестными последствиями для здоровья населения и окружающей среды.</p><p>Необходимо комплексное решение задачи профилактики антимикробной устойчивости микроорганизмов и уменьшения воздействия отходов ЛС на окружающую среду с принятием ряда практических организационно-регулирующих мер и возможным использованием европейского опыта.</p><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Балакаева А.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста;Скопин А.Ю. – сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста;Синицына О.О. – редактирование;Русаков Н.В. – редактирование.Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 29.11.2023 / Поступила после доработки: 16.05.2024 / Принята к печати: 19.07.2024 / Опубликована: 31.07.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Intensive production and use of medicines (drugs) leads to their release into the environment. To assess the situation and determine the tactics of safe handling of this type of medical waste, it is necessary to assess the legislative regulation of the issue.</p><p>In this analytical review there were analyzed currently in force regulatory documents concerning the treatment of pharmaceutical waste and their proper disposal. The relevant European standards and recommendations are given. A number of contradictions and unresolved issues have been identified. The analysis of the regulatory framework revealed the incoordination of sanitary and environmental legislation, which hinders the establishment of a safe pharmaceutical waste management system, leading to practical difficulties with their treatment (difficulties of disposal, legal disputes, etc.). The regulatory regulation of the same composition of pharmaceutical waste varies depending on the place of formation, and not on the composition and the perceived danger.</p><p>The absence of regulation of specific methods of disposal and neutralization of drug waste, depending on their composition as well as absence of the control over the effectiveness of these processes in terms of environmental impact has been revealed. There is no established requirements for specifying the methods of disposal of the released drugs by manufacturer. The determination of the hazard class by the environmental impact of pharmaceuticals formed during the implementation of medical activities is currently not necessary. The lack of a regulated system for collecting pharmaceuticals from the citizens does not allow individuals safely disposing this type of waste and centrally monitor their quantity. These circumstances can lead to uncontrolled destruction of pharmaceuticals with unknown consequences for both nature and public health.</p><p>There is needed A comprehensive solution to the problem of reducing the impact of pharmaceutical waste on the environment and the prevention of antimicrobial resistance with the adoption of a number of practical managerial and regulatory measures and the possible use of European experience.</p><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Balakaeva A.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;Skopin A.Yu. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;Sinitsyna O.O. — editing;Rusakov N.V. — editing.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: November 11, 2023 / Revised: May 24, 2024 / Accepted: July 19, 2024 / Published: July 31, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>отходы лекарственных средств</kwd><kwd>законодательство Российской Федерации</kwd><kwd>окружающая среда</kwd><kwd>здоровье населения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>waste medicines</kwd><kwd>Russian legislation</kwd><kwd>environment</kwd><kwd>public health</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Boeckel T.P., Gandra S., Ashok A., Caudron Q., Grenfell B.T., Levin S.A., et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014; 14(8): 742–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Boeckel T.P., Gandra S., Ashok A., Caudron Q., Grenfell B.T., Levin S.A., et al. Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014; 14(8): 742–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orias F., Perrodin Y. Characterisation of the ecotoxicity of hospital effluents: a review. Sci. Total. Environ. 2013; 454-455: 250–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.064</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orias F., Perrodin Y. Characterisation of the ecotoxicity of hospital effluents: a review. Sci. Total. Environ. 2013; 454-455: 250–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.064</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">aus der Beek T., Weber F.A., Bergmann A., Hickmann S., Ebert I., Hein A., et al. Pharmaceuticals in the environment – Global occurrences and perspectives. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2016; 35(4): 823–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">aus der Beek T., Weber F.A., Bergmann A., Hickmann S., Ebert I., Hein A., et al. Pharmaceuticals in the environment – Global occurrences and perspectives. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2016; 35(4): 823–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triebskorn R., Casper H., Scheil V., Schwaiger J. Ultrastructural effects of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, diclofenac) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007; 387(4): 1405–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-1033-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triebskorn R., Casper H., Scheil V., Schwaiger J. Ultrastructural effects of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, clofibric acid, metoprolol, diclofenac) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007; 387(4): 1405–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-1033-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foster H.R., Burton G.A., Basu N., Werner E.E. Chronic exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac) causes developmental delays in Rana pipiens larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29(12): 2845–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foster H.R., Burton G.A., Basu N., Werner E.E. Chronic exposure to fluoxetine (Prozac) causes developmental delays in Rana pipiens larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010; 29(12): 2845–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brodin T., Fick J., Jonsson M., Klaminder J. Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science. 2013; 339(6121): 814–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226850</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brodin T., Fick J., Jonsson M., Klaminder J. Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science. 2013; 339(6121): 814–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226850</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ebert I., Bachmann J., Kühnen U., Küster A., Kussatz C., Maletzki D., et al. Toxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin to photoautotrophic aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30(12): 2786–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.678</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ebert I., Bachmann J., Kühnen U., Küster A., Kussatz C., Maletzki D., et al. Toxicity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin to photoautotrophic aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30(12): 2786–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.678</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухутдинова А.Н., Рычкова М.И., Тюмина Е.А., Вихарева Е.В. Фармацевтические соединения на основе азотсодержащих гетероциклов – новый класс загрязнителей окружающей среды. Вестник Пермского университета. Серия: Биология. 2015; (1): 65–76. https://elibrary.ru/tywgdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhutdinova A.N., Rychkova M.I., Tyumina E.A., Vikhareva E.V. Pharmaceutical compounds based on nitrogen-containing heterocycles as a new class of environmental pollutants (review). Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Seriya: Biologiya. 2015; (1): 65–76. https://elibrary.ru/tywgdf (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федеральный экологический оператор. Отходы медицинских организаций. Доступно: https://tinyurl.com/4nh43wbv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Federal Ecological Operator. Waste from medical organizations. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/4nh43wbv (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новости Ленобласти. «Сдать в пункт или сжечь»: эколог рассказал, как правильно утилизировать таблетки и лекарства. Доступно: https://tinyurl.com/ycxz2rex</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">News of the Leningrad region. “To deposit or to burn”: an ecologist told how to properly dispose of pills and medicines. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/ycxz2rex (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Твердые бытовые отходы | Новости отрасли. РЭО предложил собирать блистеры от лекарств в аптеках и больницах. Доступно: https://tinyurl.com/5atfwdyy</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solid Household Waste | Industry News. Regional Ecological Operator suggested collecting medicine blisters in pharmacies and hospitals. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/5atfwdyy (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Письмо Минздрава России № 30-5/И/7-3018 «О порядке обращения с медицинскими отходами класса “Г”»; 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Letter of the Ministry of Health of Russia № 30-5/I/7-3018 «On the procedure for handling medical waste of class “G”»; 2023. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/83/oj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/83/oj</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">/955/EU: Commission Decision of 18 December 2014 amending Decision 2000/532/EC on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2014/955/oj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2014/955/EU: Commission Decision of 18 December 2014 amending Decision 2000/532/EC on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2014/955/oj</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use (Text with EEA relevance). Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/27/oj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Directive 2004/27/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 amending Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use (Text with EEA relevance). Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/27/oj</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">OECD. Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste: Limiting Environmental Impacts of Unused or Expired Medicine. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/mtchn8ch</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">OECD. Management of Pharmaceutical Household Waste: Limiting Environmental Impacts of Unused or Expired Medicine. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/mtchn8ch</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reform of the EU pharmaceutical legislation Available at: https://tinyurl.com/ab56ccvm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reform of the EU pharmaceutical legislation Available at: https://tinyurl.com/ab56ccvm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Health Union: Commission proposes pharmaceuticals reform for more accessible, affordable and innovative medicines. Brussels; 2023. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2ru47e9k</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Health Union: Commission proposes pharmaceuticals reform for more accessible, affordable and innovative medicines. Brussels; 2023. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2ru47e9k</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. Reform of the pharmaceutical legislation and measures addressing antimicrobial resistance. Brussels; 2023. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/4pbj59dh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. Reform of the pharmaceutical legislation and measures addressing antimicrobial resistance. Brussels; 2023. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/4pbj59dh</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proposal for a Directive of the European parliament and of the council concerning urban wastewater treatment (recast). Brussels; 2022. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2vmtu486</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proposal for a Directive of the European parliament and of the council concerning urban wastewater treatment (recast). Brussels; 2022. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2vmtu486</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proposal for a Directive of the European parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration and Directive 2008/105/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy. Brussels; 2022. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/5bmjzxu9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proposal for a Directive of the European parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy, Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration and Directive 2008/105/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy. Brussels; 2022. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/5bmjzxu9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Концепция совершенствования института расширенной ответственности производителей и импортеров № 12888П-П11; 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The concept of improving the Institute of extended responsibility of producers and importers № 12888P-P11; 2020. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EU Action on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available at: https://health.ec.europa.eu/antimicrobial-resistance/eu-action-antimicrobial-resistance_en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EU Action on Antimicrobial Resistance. Available at: https://health.ec.europa.eu/antimicrobial-resistance/eu-action-antimicrobial-resistance_en</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Commission Action Plan 2011-2016. Available at: https://cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/2011strategic.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Commission Action Plan 2011-2016. Available at: https://cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/2011strategic.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EU One Health Action Plan against AMR; 2017. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/mt7kupdb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EU One Health Action Plan against AMR; 2017. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/mt7kupdb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farm to Fork Strategy. Available at: https://food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farm to Fork Strategy. Available at: https://food.ec.europa.eu/horizontal-topics/farm-fork-strategy_en</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Zero Pollution Action Plan. Available at: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/zero-pollution-action-plan_en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Zero Pollution Action Plan. Available at: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/zero-pollution-action-plan_en</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Council Recommendation on stepping up EU actions to combat antimicrobial resistance in a One Health approach. Official Journal of the European Union, C 220; 2023. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023H0622(01)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Council Recommendation on stepping up EU actions to combat antimicrobial resistance in a One Health approach. Official Journal of the European Union, C 220; 2023. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023H0622(01)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Распоряжение Правительства РФ № 2045-р «Об утверждении Стратегии предупреждения распространения антимикробной резистентности в Российской Федерации»; 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 2045-r «On approval of the Strategy for Preventing the Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Russian Federation»; 2017. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махмудова О.А., Хазиахметова В.Н. Проблема лекарственного загрязнения окружающей среды: обзор литературы. Ремедиум. 2023; 27(1): 76–80. https://doi.org/10.32687/1561-5936-2023-27-1-76-80 https://elibrary.ru/nypglu</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makhmudova O.A., Khaziakhmetova V.N. The pharmaceutical environmental pollution problem: a literature review. Remedium. 2023; 27(1): 76–80. https://doi.org/10.32687/1561-5936-2023-27-1-76-80 https://elibrary.ru/nypglu (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баренбойм Г.М., Чиганова М.А. Загрязнение поверхностных и сточных вод лекарственными препаратами. Вода: химия и экология. 2012; (10): 40–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barenboim G.M., Chiganova M.A. Pharmaceutical pollution of surface and waste water. Voda: khimiya i ekologiya. 2012; (10): 40–6. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ядрихинская О.В. Обращение с медотходами: актуальная судебная практика Верховного суда РФ. Твердые бытовые отходы. 2023; 5(203): 46–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadrikhinskaya O.V. Treatment of medical waste: current judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. Tverdye bytovye otkhody. 2023; 5(203): 46–9. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Росприроднадзор. Информация об обращении с отходами I и II классов опасности с 1 марта 2022 года. Доступно: https://tinyurl.com/2869756b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosprirodnadzor. Information on waste management of hazard classes I and II from March 1, 2022. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/2869756b (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Твердые бытовые отходы | Новости отрасли. Медицинские отходы I и II класса опасности; 2022. Доступно: https://tinyurl.com/ydtvz4wa</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solid Household Waste | Industry News. Medical waste of hazard class I and II; 2022. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/ydtvz4wa (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жаксыбергенов А.М., Хасанова Д.М., Таубаева Б.Б. Санитарно-эпидемиологическая оценка мероприятий по сбору и хранению просроченных лекарственных средств среди населения. Фармация Казахстана. 2019; (2): 35–9. https://elibrary.ru/zpnntx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhaksybergenov A.M., Khasanova D.M., Taubaeva B.B. Sanitary and epidemiological assessment of measures for the collection and storage of expired drugs among the population. Farmatsiya Kazakhstana. 2019; (2): 35–9. https://elibrary.ru/zpnntx (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
