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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-8-895-905</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">djjvxn</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4296</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальное исследование изменения токсических эффектов действия кадмия на фоне физической нагрузки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental study of toxic effects of cadmium against background of physical exercise</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., Head of the Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-0008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабардина</surname><given-names>Лада Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabardina</surname><given-names>Lada V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lada.shabardina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. научных основ биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Scientific Foundations of Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-3217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панов</surname><given-names>Владимир Григорьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. физ.-мат. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия; ст. науч. сотр. лаб. математического моделирования в экологии и медицине, ИПЭ УрО РАН, 620990, Екатеринбург, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation; Senior Researcher, Scientific Laboratory for Mathematical Research of Ecology and Medicine, Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3262-8527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кунгурцева</surname><given-names>Александра Кирилловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kungurtseva</surname><given-names>Alexandra K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2726-9259</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сахаутдинова</surname><given-names>Рената Рашидовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakhautdinova</surname><given-names>Renata R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. ДЛО НПО Лабораторно-диагностических технологий, ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Research and Production Department “Laboratory and Diagnostic Technologies”, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; Институт промышленной экологии Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Institute of Industrial Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>895</fpage><lpage>905</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Минигалиева И.А., Шабардина Л.В., Рябова Ю.В., Панов В.Г., Кунгурцева А.К., Сахаутдинова Р.Р., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Минигалиева И.А., Шабардина Л.В., Рябова Ю.В., Панов В.Г., Кунгурцева А.К., Сахаутдинова Р.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Minigalieva I.A., Shabardina L.V., Ryabova Y.V., Panov V.G., Kungurtseva A.K., Sakhautdinova R.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4296">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4296</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. В современном мире условия труда на промышленных предприятиях зачастую связаны с экспозицией организма к химическим веществам на фоне мышечной работы. С учётом данных о сочетанном действии тяжёлых металлов на фоне мышечной нагрузки можно ожидать усиление токсического эффекта кадмия. Экспериментальное исследование и фактическая оценка сочетанного действия необходимы во избежание недооценки или завышения реальных рисков.</p><p>Цель исследования ‒ изучение сочетанного действия на организм субхронической кадмиевой интоксикации на фоне физической нагрузки.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В субхроническом эксперименте беспородные крысы-самцы (четыре группы по 14 животных в каждой) подвергались воздействию хлорида кадмия в разовой дозе 0,77 мг/кг м. т., вынужденной физической нагрузке (бег на тредмиле), сочетанному действию упомянутых факторов либо выступали в качестве контрольной группы. По завершении экспериментального исследования оценивались гематологические, биохимические, морфометрические параметры организма животных. Статистическую оценку межгрупповых различий полученных результатов проводили с помощью t-критерия Стьюдента p &lt; 0,05. Для математического моделирования использовался Response Surface Method (RSM) с построением изобол Лёве.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Как при изолированном, так и при сочетанном действии кадмия статистически значимые неблагоприятные сдвиги были отмечены по 27,5% оцениваемых показателей ‒ морфометрических, гематологических, биохимических, цитологических и гистоморфометрических.</p><p>Основанный на модели поверхности отклика математический анализ показал, что типология сочетанного действия химического и физического факторов варьирует в зависимости от того, по какому конкретному эффекту оно оценивается, а также от дозы и уровня эффекта.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничение исследования</title><p>Ограничение исследования. Для эксперимента были использованы лабораторные животные только одного биологического вида и пола. Кадмий (в форме хлорида кадмия) использовали в одной концентрации. Мышечная нагрузка была одной интенсивности.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Уточнённые принципы действия кадмия и физической нагрузки как факторов влияния рабочей среды на организм в условиях эксперимента in vivo могут служить основой для научного обоснования критериев оценки риска во избежание недооценки или завышения реальных рисков в производственных условиях.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование было одобрено Этическим комитетом ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский-научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора, протокол № 4 от 30.09.2022 г.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов:Минигалиева И.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, научное редактирование;Шабардина Л.В. – сбор и обработка материала, написание текста;Рябова Ю.В. – сбор и обработка материала, концепция и дизайн исследования, подготовка рисунков, написание текста;Панов В.Г. – статистическая обработка, подготовка рисунков;Кунгурцева А.К. – сбор и обработка материала, подготовка рисунков;Сахаутдинова Р.Р. – сбор и обработка материала, подготовка рисунков.Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 20.06.2024 / Принята к печати: 31.07.2024 / Опубликована: 10.09.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Nowadays, working conditions in industry are often associated with chemical exposure along with manual labour. Given the evidence of the combined effect of heavy metals and muscular work, an increase in cadmium toxicity can be expected. However, an experimental study and actual assessment of exposure to both factors are necessary to avoid underestimation or overestimation of real risks. </p><p>The purpose of our study was to establish health effects of subchronic cadmium toxicity against background of physical exercise.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. In a subchronic animal experiment, four groups of outbred male rats, 14 animals each, were exposed to cadmium chloride at a single dose of 0.77 mg/kg body weight, forced physical exercise (treadmill running), both factors combined, or acted as a control group. Hematological, biochemical, and morphometric indices in rodents were assessed at the end of the experiment. The statistical significance of differences between the groups was established using Student’s t-test (p&lt;0.05). For mathematical modelling, we used the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the construction of Loewe isoboles.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. We observed significant unfavorauble shifts in 27.5% of the assessed morphometric, hematological, biochemical, cytological, and histomorphometric indices in rats following the exposure to cadmium only and in combination with exercise. The mathematical analysis based on the response surface modelling showed the typology of the combined impact of chemical and physical factors to vary depending on the specific effect by which it is assessed, as well as on the dose and level of effect.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Laboratory animals of only one biological species and sex were used for the experiment, exposed to a single concentration of cadmium and physical exercise of only one intensity level.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The principles of health effects of cadmium and physical stress as risk factors of the workplace environment specified in the in vivo experiment may serve as a basis for scientific justification of risk assessment criteria to avoid under- or overestimation of real risks in the occupational setting.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. Ethics approval was provided by the Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 4 of September 30, 2022).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Minigalieva I.A., Ryabova Yu.V. – study conception and design;Shabardina L.V., Ryabova Yu.V., Kungurtseva A.K., Sakhautdinova R.R. – data collection and processing;Panov V.G. – statistical data analysis;Shabardina L.V., Panov V.G., Kungurtseva A.K., Sakhautdinova R.R. – figure preparation;Shabardina L.V., Ryabova Yu.V. – draft manuscript preparation;Minigalieva I.A. – scientific editing.All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: June 20, 2024 / Accepted: July 31, 2024 / Published: September 10, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кадмий</kwd><kwd>физическая нагрузка</kwd><kwd>сочетанное действие</kwd><kwd>экспериментальное исследование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cadmium</kwd><kwd>physical exercise</kwd><kwd>combined effect</kwd><kwd>experimental study</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klinova S.V., Minigalieva I.A., Privalova L.I., Valamina I.E., Makeyev O.H., Shuman E.A., et al. Further verification of some postulates of the combined toxicity theory: New animal experimental data on separate and joint adverse effects of lead and cadmium. Food Chem. 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