<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-11-1434-1440</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">hipitl</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4474</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОЦЕНКА РИСКОВ ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Об уровне безопасного содержания микроразмерных твёрдых частиц РМ1,0 в атмосферном воздухе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the safe levels of micro-sized particles PM1.0 in ambient air</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Нина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the RAS, Scientific Director of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 614045, Perm, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">znv@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-5713</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клейн</surname><given-names>Светлана Владиславовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleyn</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Профессор РАН, доктор мед. наук, гл. науч. сотр. – зав. отд. системных методов санитарно-гигиенического анализа и мониторинга ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kleyn@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor of the RAS, Chief Researcher – Head of the Department of Sanitary and Hygienic Analysis and Monitoring Systemic Methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation; Academician E.A. Vagner’s Perm State Medical University, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kleyn@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kleyn@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1548-228X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Четверкина</surname><given-names>Кристина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chetverkina</surname><given-names>Kristina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, вед. науч. сотр. отд. системных методов санитарно-гигиенического анализа и мониторинга ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: chetverkina@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Leading Researcher at the Department for Systemic Procedures of Sanitary-Hygienic Analysis and Monitoring, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation; Academician E.A. Vagner’s Perm State Medical University, Perm, 614990, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: chetverkina@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chetverkina@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0072-5787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андришунас</surname><given-names>Алена Мухаматовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andrishunas</surname><given-names>Alena M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. системных методов санитарно-гигиенического анализа и мониторинга ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ama@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher at the Department for Systemic Procedures of Sanitary-Hygienic Analysis and Monitoring, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ama@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ama@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-5368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цинкер</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsinker</surname><given-names>Mikhail Yu. </given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. математического моделирования систем и процессов ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: cinker@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher at the Department of the Mathematical Modelling of Systems and Processes, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation; Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Perm, 614990, Perm, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: cinker@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">cinker@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Academician E.A. Vagner’s Perm State Medical University of the RF Ministry of Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека; ФГАОУ ВО «Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1434</fpage><lpage>1440</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайцева Н.В., Клейн С.В., Четверкина К.В., Андришунас А.М., Цинкер М.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Клейн С.В., Четверкина К.В., Андришунас А.М., Цинкер М.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Kleyn S.V., Chetverkina K.V., Andrishunas A.M., Tsinker M.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4474">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4474</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Взвешенные частицы микро- и наноразмера по сравнению с крупными частицами могут обладать более высокой токсичностью для человека и стать причиной развития нарушений здоровья: патологий органов дыхания, системы кровообращения, эндокринной системы, иммунитета и др. Гигиенические нормативы для микроразмерных частиц PM1,0 в Российской Федерации отсутствуют.</p><p>Цель исследования – научное обоснование безопасного уровня содержания в атмосферном воздухе микроразмерных твёрдых частиц РМ1,0.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Установление безопасного уровня содержания PM1,0 в атмосферном воздухе в условиях длительного ингаляционного поступления выполняли на основании результатов отбора ранее проведённых релевантных исследований и оценки представленных в них количественных и качественных данных (оценка элементов дизайна исследования, уровней экспозиции, неблагоприятных ответов (эффектов) и др.). В ключевых для обоснования уровня безопасного содержания PM1,0 исследованиях устанавливали отправную точку экспозиции и с учётом применения совокупного (комплексного) модифицирующего фактора рассчитывали уровень безопасного содержания PM1,0.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Из 68 публикаций, отражающих результаты исследований влияния взвешенных частиц PM1,0 на развитие нарушений здоровья, для процедуры обоснования величины безопасного уровня содержания PM1,0 в атмосферном воздухе были выбраны два ключевых исследования: Y. Zhang и соавт. и H. Yu и соавт. По результатам установления величин модифицирующих факторов и расчёта совокупного (комплексного) модифицирующего фактора научно обоснован безопасный уровень для PM1,0 в условиях хронической ингаляционной экспозиции на уровне 0,002 мг/м3.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Отсутствие результатов токсикологического исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Предложенный безопасный уровень содержания PM1,0 в атмосферном воздухе (0,002 мг/м3) имеет потенциал практического применения в оценке риска для здоровья населения в качестве референтного значения, а также использования в системе санитарно-гигиенического нормирования.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Для проведения данного исследования не требовалось заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике (исследование выполнено на общедоступных данных).</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Зайцева Н.В. – концепция исследования, организация и проведение натурного эксперимента, редактирование текста; Клейн С.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование; Четверкина К.В. – дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, написание текста; Андришунас А.М., Цинкер М.Ю. – сбор и обработка материала, написание текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 13.08.2024 / Принята к печати: 19.11.2024 / Опубликована: 17.12.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Micro- and nano-sized suspended particles may be toxic to humans more than larger particles. Effects of these particles can cause diseases of the respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine and immune system, etc. There are no safety standards for micro-sized particles PM1.0 at present in the Russian Federation.</p><p>The aim of this work is scientific substantiation of the safe level of micro-sized suspended particles PM1.0 in ambient air.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Safe PM1.0 levels in ambient air upon long-term inhalation intake were established on the base of selecting previously conducted relevant studies and assessment of the quantitative and qualitative data (assessment of study design elements, exposure levels, adverse health responses (effects), etc.) provided in them. In key studies ‘point of departure’ for exposure was established most relevant for substantiating safe PM1.0 levels; these levels were then calculated considering use of the total (complex) modifying factor.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Out of sixty eight publications reported the results obtained in studies with their focus on effects of PM1.0 on the health, two key studies were selected for the procedure for justifying the value of the PM1.0 safe level in ambient air, namely, Zhang et al., 2021 and Yu et al., 2020. The safe level for PM1.0 upon chronic inhalation exposure is scientifically substantiated at 0.002 mg/m3 based on establishing the values of modifying factors and calculating the total (complex) modifying factor.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study does not provide any toxicological results.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The proposed safe PM1.0 level in ambient air (0.002 mg/m3) has the potential for practical application in the health risk assessment as a reference concentration, as well as for use in the system for sanitary and hygienic regulation.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study did not require the opinion of a biomedical ethics committee (the study was performed on publicly available data).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Zaitseva N.V. — the study concept, organization and implementation of a full-scale experiment, editing; Kleyn S.V. — the study concept and design, writing the text, and editing; Chetverkina K.V. — design of the study, collection, and processing of material, writing the text; Andrishunas A.M., Tsinker M.Yu. — collection, and processing of material, writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: Auugust 13, 2024 / Accepted: November 19, 2024 / Published: December 17, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атмосферный воздух</kwd><kwd>взвешенные вещества</kwd><kwd>микроразмерные частицы PM1</kwd><kwd>0</kwd><kwd>научное обоснование</kwd><kwd>уровень безопасного содержания</kwd><kwd>ингаляционное поступление</kwd><kwd>хроническое воздействие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ambient air</kwd><kwd>suspended particles</kwd><kwd>micro-sized particles PM1.0</kwd><kwd>scientific justification</kwd><kwd>safe level</kwd><kwd>inhalation</kwd><kwd>chronic exposure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2019 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Collaborators. Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 59: 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101936</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2019 Chronic Respiratory Diseases Collaborators. Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 59: 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101936</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Outdoor Air Pollution. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2016; (109). Available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/6728/2a4781ab99e984d14088ff21d09c3524dc26f6ee.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Outdoor Air Pollution. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2016; (109). Available at: https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/6728/2a4781ab99e984d14088ff21d09c3524dc26f6ee.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jia H., Liu Y., Guo D., He W., Zhao L., Xia S. PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation via activating of the NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Environ. Toxicol. 2021; 36(3): 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jia H., Liu Y., Guo D., He W., Zhao L., Xia S. PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation via activating of the NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Environ. Toxicol. 2021; 36(3): 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.23035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kowalska M., Zejda J.E. Relationship between PM2.5 concentration in the ambient air and daily exacerbation of respiratory diseases in the population of Silesian voivodeship during winter smog. Med. Pr. 2018; 69(5): 523–30. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00743</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kowalska M., Zejda J.E. Relationship between PM2.5 concentration in the ambient air and daily exacerbation of respiratory diseases in the population of Silesian voivodeship during winter smog. Med. Pr. 2018; 69(5): 523–30. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00743</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hystad P., Larkin A., Rangarajan S., AlHabib K.F., Avezum Á., Calik K.B.T., et al. Associations of outdoor fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease in 157 436 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Planet Health. 2020; 4(6): e235–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30103-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hystad P., Larkin A., Rangarajan S., AlHabib K.F., Avezum Á., Calik K.B.T., et al. Associations of outdoor fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease in 157 436 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Planet Health. 2020; 4(6): e235–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30103-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lao X.Q., Guo C., Chang L.Y., Bo Y., Zhang Z., Chuang Y.C., et al. Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and incident type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetologia. 2019; 62(5): 759–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4825-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lao X.Q., Guo C., Chang L.Y., Bo Y., Zhang Z., Chuang Y.C., et al. Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and incident type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetologia. 2019; 62(5): 759–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4825-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilcrease G.W., Padovan D., Heffler E., Peano C., Massaglia S., Roccatello D., et al. Is air pollution affecting the disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? State of the art and a systematic literature review. Eur. J. Rheumatol. 2020; 7(1): 31–4. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2019.19141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilcrease G.W., Padovan D., Heffler E., Peano C., Massaglia S., Roccatello D., et al. Is air pollution affecting the disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? State of the art and a systematic literature review. Eur. J. Rheumatol. 2020; 7(1): 31–4. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum.2019.19141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalili R., Bartell S.M., Hu X., Liu Y., Chang H.H., Belanoff C., et al. Early-life exposure to PM2.5 and risk of acute asthma clinical encounters among children in Massachusetts: a case-crossover analysis. Environ. Health. 2018; 17(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0361-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalili R., Bartell S.M., Hu X., Liu Y., Chang H.H., Belanoff C., et al. Early-life exposure to PM2.5 and risk of acute asthma clinical encounters among children in Massachusetts: a case-crossover analysis. Environ. Health. 2018; 17(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0361-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keet C.A., Keller J.P., Peng R.D. Long-term coarse particulate matter exposure is associated with asthma among children in Medicaid. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2018; 197(6): 737–46. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1267OC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keet C.A., Keller J.P., Peng R.D. Long-term coarse particulate matter exposure is associated with asthma among children in Medicaid. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2018; 197(6): 737–46. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201706-1267OC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thangavel P., Park D., Lee Y.C. Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated toxicity in humans: an overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(12): 7511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127511</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thangavel P., Park D., Lee Y.C. Recent insights into particulate matter (PM2.5)-mediated toxicity in humans: an overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(12): 7511. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127511</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Xu Z., Su H., Ho H.C., Song Y., Zheng H., et al. Ambient particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and childhood pneumonia: The smaller particle, the greater short-term impact? Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 772: 145509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145509</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Xu Z., Su H., Ho H.C., Song Y., Zheng H., et al. Ambient particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and childhood pneumonia: The smaller particle, the greater short-term impact? Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 772: 145509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145509</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang W., Mao F., Zou B., Guo J., Wu L., Pan Z., et al. Two-stage model for estimating the spatiotemporal distribution of hourly PM1.0 concentrations over central and east China. Sci. Total. Environ. 2019; 675: 658–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.134</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang W., Mao F., Zou B., Guo J., Wu L., Pan Z., et al. Two-stage model for estimating the spatiotemporal distribution of hourly PM1.0 concentrations over central and east China. Sci. Total. Environ. 2019; 675: 658–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.134</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen G., Knibbs L.D., Zhang W., Li S., Cao W., Guo J., et al. Estimating spatiotemporal distribution of PM1 concentrations in China with satellite remote sensing, meteorology, and land use information. Environ. Pollut. 2018; 233: 1086–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen G., Knibbs L.D., Zhang W., Li S., Cao W., Guo J., et al. Estimating spatiotemporal distribution of PM1 concentrations in China with satellite remote sensing, meteorology, and land use information. Environ. Pollut. 2018; 233: 1086–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassanvand M.S., Naddafi K., Faridi S., Nabizadeh R., Sowlat M.H., Momeniha F., et al. Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Sci. Total. Environ. 2015; 527-528: 100–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassanvand M.S., Naddafi K., Faridi S., Nabizadeh R., Sowlat M.H., Momeniha F., et al. Characterization of PAHs and metals in indoor/outdoor PM10/PM2.5/PM1 in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Sci. Total. Environ. 2015; 527-528: 100–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">PM1 particulate matter; 2021. Available at: https://www.iqair.com/us/newsroom/pm1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">PM1 particulate matter; 2021. Available at: https://www.iqair.com/us/newsroom/pm1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu Y., Wu M., Li Y., Liu X. Influence of PM1 exposure on total and cause-specific respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2022; 29(10): 15117–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16536-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu Y., Wu M., Li Y., Liu X. Influence of PM1 exposure on total and cause-specific respiratory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2022; 29(10): 15117–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16536-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Кирьянов Д.А., Клейн С.В., Цинкер М.Ю., Андришунас А.М. Закономерности распределения пылевых частиц микроразмерного диапазона в дыхательных путях человека: натурный эксперимент в условиях пылевого загрязнения атмосферного воздуха. Гигиена и санитария. 2023; 102(5): 412–20. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-5-412-420 https://elibrary.ru/imnzus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Kiryanov D.A., Kleyn S.V., Tsinker M.Yu., Andrishunas A.M. Distribution of micro-sized range solid particles in the human airways: field experiment. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2023; 102(5): 412–20. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-5-412-420 https://elibrary.ru/imnzus (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трусов П.В., Зайцева Н.В., Цинкер М.Ю., Некрасова А.В. Математическая модель течения воздуха с твердыми частицами в носовой полости человека. Математическая биология и биоинформатика. 2021; 16(2): 349–66. https://doi.org/10.17537/2021.16.349 https://elibrary.ru/yopoon</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trusov P.V., Zaitseva N.V., Tsinker M.Yu., Nekrasova A.V. Mathematical model of airflow and solid particles transport in the human nasal cavity. Matematicheskaya biologiya i bioinformatika. 2021; 16(2): 349–66. https://doi.org/10.17537/2021.16.349 https://elibrary.ru/yopoon (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трусов П.В., Зайцева Н.В., Цинкер М.Ю., Кучуков А.И. Численное исследование нестационарного течения запыленного воздуха и оседания пылевых частиц различных размеров в нижних дыхательных путях человека. Математическая биология и биоинформатика. 2023; 18(2): 347–66. https://doi.org/10.17537/2023.18.347</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trusov P.V., Zaitseva N.V., Tsinker M.Yu., Kuchukov A.I. Numeric investigation of non-stationary dust-containing airflow and deposition of dust particles in the lower airways. Matematicheskaya biologiya i bioinformatika. 2023; 18(2): 347–66. https://doi.org/10.17537/2023.18.347 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrari L., Carugno M., Bollati V. Particulate matter exposure shapes DNA methylation through the lifespan. Clin. Epigenetics. 2019; 11(1): 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0726-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari L., Carugno M., Bollati V. Particulate matter exposure shapes DNA methylation through the lifespan. Clin. Epigenetics. 2019; 11(1): 129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0726-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin P., Guo J., Wang L., Fan W., Lu F., Guo M., et al. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease associated with smaller size-fractioned particulate matter. Env. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020; 7(2): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00735</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yin P., Guo J., Wang L., Fan W., Lu F., Guo M., et al. Higher risk of cardiovascular disease associated with smaller size-fractioned particulate matter. Env. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020; 7(2): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00735</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Q.Z., Li S., Yang B.Y., Bloom M., Shi Z., Knibbs L., et al. Ambient airborne particulates of diameter ≤1 μm, a leading contributor to the association between ambient airborne particulates of diameter ≤2.5 μm and children’s blood pressure. Hypertension. 2020; 75(2): 347–55. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13504</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Q.Z., Li S., Yang B.Y., Bloom M., Shi Z., Knibbs L., et al. Ambient airborne particulates of diameter ≤1 μm, a leading contributor to the association between ambient airborne particulates of diameter ≤2.5 μm and children’s blood pressure. Hypertension. 2020; 75(2): 347–55. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13504</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Четверкина К.В., Шур П.З. Научное обоснование среднегодовой предельно допустимой концентрации ванадия пентоксида в атмосферном воздухе по критериям допустимого риска. Анализ риска здоровью. 2024; (1): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2024.1.02 https://elibrary.ru/jrdcmq</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chetverkina K.V., Shur P.Z. Scientific substantiation of average annual maximum permissible level of vanadium pentoxide in ambient air as per permissible health risk. Analiz riska zdorov’yu. 2024; (1): 18–25. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2024.1.02 https://elibrary.ru/jrdcmq (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шур П.З., Зайцева Н.В., Хасанова А.А., Четверкина К.В., Ухабов В.М. Разработка параметров для оценки неканцерогенного риска при хроническом ингаляционном поступлении бензола и среднегодовой предельно допустимой концентрации бензола по критериям риска для здоровья населения. Анализ риска здоровью. 2021; (4): 42–9. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.4.04 https://elibrary.ru/izllvr</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shur P.Z., Zaitseva N.V., Khasanova A.A., Chetverkina K.V., Ukhabov V.M. Establishing indicators for assessing non-carcinogenic risks under chronic inhalation exposure to benzene and average annual MPC for benzene as per health risk criteria. Health Risk Analysis. 2021; (4): 42–9. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2021.4.04.eng https://elibrary.ru/prammh</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Wei J., Shi Y., Quan C., Ho H.C., Song Y., et al. Early-life exposure to submicron particulate air pollution in relation to asthma development in Chinese preschool children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021; 148(3): 771–82.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Wei J., Shi Y., Quan C., Ho H.C., Song Y., et al. Early-life exposure to submicron particulate air pollution in relation to asthma development in Chinese preschool children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2021; 148(3): 771–82.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X., Xu Z., Su H., Ho H.C., Song Y., Zheng H., et al. Ambient particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and childhood pneumonia: The smaller particle, the greater short-term impact? Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 772: 145509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145509</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X., Xu Z., Su H., Ho H.C., Song Y., Zheng H., et al. Ambient particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and childhood pneumonia: The smaller particle, the greater short-term impact? Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 772: 145509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145509</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y., Ding Z., Xiang Q., Wang W., Huang L., Mao F. Short-term effects of ambient PM1 and PM2.5 air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases: Case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen, China. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2020; 224: 113418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.11.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y., Ding Z., Xiang Q., Wang W., Huang L., Mao F. Short-term effects of ambient PM1 and PM2.5 air pollution on hospital admission for respiratory diseases: Case-crossover evidence from Shenzhen, China. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. 2020; 224: 113418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.11.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu H., Guo Y., Zeng X., Gao M., Yang B.Y., Hu L.W., et al. Modification of caesarean section on the associations between air pollution and childhood asthma in seven Chinese cities. Environ. Pollut. 2020; 267: 115443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115443</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu H., Guo Y., Zeng X., Gao M., Yang B.Y., Hu L.W., et al. Modification of caesarean section on the associations between air pollution and childhood asthma in seven Chinese cities. Environ. Pollut. 2020; 267: 115443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115443</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luong L.M., Phung D., Sly P.D., Morawska L., Thai P.K. The association between particulate air pollution and respiratory admissions among young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Sci. Total. Environ. 2017; 578: 249–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luong L.M., Phung D., Sly P.D., Morawska L., Thai P.K. The association between particulate air pollution and respiratory admissions among young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Sci. Total. Environ. 2017; 578: 249–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Michaud J.P., Grove J.S., Krupitsky D. Emergency department visits and “vog”-related air quality in Hilo, Hawai’i. Environ. Res. 2004; 95(1): 11–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00122-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Michaud J.P., Grove J.S., Krupitsky D. Emergency department visits and “vog”-related air quality in Hilo, Hawai’i. Environ. Res. 2004; 95(1): 11–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(03)00122-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Air Quality Guidelines. World Health Organization; 2021. Available at: https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/WHO-Air-Quality-Guidelines?language=en_US</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Air Quality Guidelines. World Health Organization; 2021. Available at: https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/WHO-Air-Quality-Guidelines?language=en_US</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EU air quality standards. European Commission; 2010. Available at: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality/eu-air-quality-standards_en</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EU air quality standards. European Commission; 2010. Available at: https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/air/air-quality/eu-air-quality-standards_en</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Summary of risk assessment; 2005. Available at: https://iris.who.int/rest/bitstreams/65728/retrieve</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Summary of risk assessment; 2005. Available at: https://iris.who.int/rest/bitstreams/65728/retrieve</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen G., Li S., Zhang Y., Zhang W., Li D., Wei X., et al. Effects of ambient PM1 air pollution on daily emergency hospital visits in China: an epidemiological study. Lancet Planet Health. 2017; 1(6): e221–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30100-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen G., Li S., Zhang Y., Zhang W., Li D., Wei X., et al. Effects of ambient PM1 air pollution on daily emergency hospital visits in China: an epidemiological study. Lancet Planet Health. 2017; 1(6): e221–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30100-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalava P.I., Wang Q., Kuspalo K., Ruusunen J., Hao L., Fang D., et al. Day and night variation in chemical composition and toxicological responses of size segregated urban air PM samples in a high air pollution situation. Atmos. Environ. 2015; (120): 427–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalava P.I., Wang Q., Kuspalo K., Ruusunen J., Hao L., Fang D., et al. Day and night variation in chemical composition and toxicological responses of size segregated urban air PM samples in a high air pollution situation. Atmos. Environ. 2015; (120): 427–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колпакова А.Ф. О связи антропогенного загрязнения воздуха взвешенными частицами с риском развития онкологических заболеваний (обзор литературы). Гигиена и санитария. 2020; 99(3): 298–302. https://doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-3-298-302 https://elibrary.ru/hbbtwu</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolpakova A.F. On the relationship of anthropogenic air pollution by particulate matter with cancer risk. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2020; 99(3): 298–302. https://doi.org/10.33029/0016-9900-2020-99-3-298-302 https://elibrary.ru/hbbtwu (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
