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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-12-1504-1513</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">eftzhc</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4501</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ПИТАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FOOD HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ожирение в Российской Федерации: эпидемиология, социально-демографические и нутрициологические факторы развития</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Obesity in the Russian Federation: epidemiology, socio-demographic and nutritional factors for development</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5200-7907</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартинчик</surname><given-names>Арсений Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Martinchik</surname><given-names>Arseny N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, вед. науч. сотр. лаб. демографии и эпидемиологии питания ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии», 109240, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: arsmartin@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), leading researcher, Laboratory of Demography and Nutritional Epidemiology, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: arsmartin@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arsmartin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7007-621X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батурин</surname><given-names>Александр Константинович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baturin</surname><given-names>Aleksander K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, руководитель направления «Оптимальное питание» ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии», 109240 Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: baturin@ion.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Head of the Optimal Nutrition Department, Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: baturin@ion.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baturin@ion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-4517</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитюк</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikityuk</surname><given-names>Dmitry B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии», руководитель лаб. антропонутрициологии и спортивного питания, 109240, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: dimitrynik@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the RAS, Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Head of the Laboratory of Anthroponutrition and Sports Nutrition, Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: dimitrynik@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dimitrynik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4164-8992</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тутельян</surname><given-names>Виктор Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tutelyan</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академии РАН, научный руководитель ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии», 109240, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: tutelyan@ion.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the RAS, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: tutelyan@ion.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tutelyan@ion.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН «Федеральный исследовательский центр питания, биотехнологии и безопасности пищи»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Moscow</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1504</fpage><lpage>1513</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мартинчик А.Н., Батурин А.К., Никитюк Д.Б., Тутельян В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мартинчик А.Н., Батурин А.К., Никитюк Д.Б., Тутельян В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Martinchik A.N., Baturin A.K., Nikityuk D.B., Tutelyan V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4501">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4501</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Ожирение представляет серьёзную проблему для здоровья, существенно увеличивая риск таких патологий, как гипертония, инфаркт миокарда, инсульт, сахарный диабет II типа, жировая болезнь печени, деменция, остеоартрит, обструктивное апноэ во сне, некоторые виды новообразований, и в целом приводит к значительному сокращению продолжительности жизни.</p><p>Цель исследования – анализ распространённости ожирения среди взрослого населения Российской Федерации в зависимости от социально-демографических факторов и характера питания за годы наблюдений с 1994 по 2023 г.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Оценку актуальной распространённости избыточной массы тела и ожирения взрослого населения (19 лет и старше) в 2023 г. проводили на основе индекса массы тела (ИМТ), рассчитанного по антропометрическим показателям массы тела и роста, полученным Федеральной службой государственной статистики в ходе «Выборочного наблюдения рационов питания населения» в 2023 г. на основе случайной выборки 45 тыс. домохозяйств во всех субъектах Российской Федерации (72 129 взрослых членов домохозяйств, 41% мужчин и 59% женщин). Для анализа тенденций распространения ожирения были обобщены результаты наблюдений за 1994–2012 гг. по проекту RLMS и данные, полученные Росстатом в рамках исследования питания населения в 2013–2023 гг. Распространение избыточной массы тела и ожирения по критериям ВОЗ анализировали в зависимости от социально-демографических переменных: пола, возраста, места проживания, уровня образования, величины среднедушевого месячного дохода домохозяйства.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Избыточная масса тела (без ожирения, ИМТ 25–29,9) установлена у 52,5% мужчин и 38,9% женщин. При этом ожирение (ИМТ ≥ 30) встречается чаще у женщин, чем у мужчин (24,2 и 17,3% соответственно), а суммарная частота избыточной массы тела, в том числе и ожирения, больше у мужчин по сравнению с женщинами (69,8 и 63,1% соответственно). Среди сельских жителей распространение ожирения значительно выше, чем среди городских. Распространённость ожирения как в городских, так и в сельских поселениях снижается с увеличением числа жителей. Частота ожирения у мужчин линейно увеличивается с 19 до 65 лет, а в возрастной группе старше 65 лет начинает линейно снижаться до возраста 90 лет. Частота избыточной массы тела, в том числе ожирения, резко увеличивается у мужчин с 19 до 35 лет, далее сохраняя линейный прирост до возраста 55 лет. У женщин частота ожирения с 19 до 50 лет прирастает медленно, затем наблюдается быстрый рост до 65 лет, затем, как и у мужчин, наблюдается снижение. У молодых мужчин частота избыточной массы тела, в том числе ожирения, выше в возрасте 19–30 лет, чем у женщин той же возрастной категории. Наиболее высокая распространённость ожирения выявлена в Уральском и Сибирском федеральных округах: у мужчин 22,3 и 20,7% соответственно, у женщин 27,9 и 28,5% соответственно. Минимальные величины частоты ожирения у мужчин и у женщин выявлены в Северо-Кавказском федеральном округе. Частота ожирения среди лиц обоего пола в наиболее обеспеченных группах населения ниже, чем в менее обеспеченных (1-й и 2-й квинтили среднемесячного дохода). Доля мужчин с ожирением существенно ниже только в группе лиц с высшим образованием, тогда как у женщин частота ожирения линейно снижается в ряду от основного общего до высшего образования.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение</title><p>Обсуждение. Анализ зависимости распространения избыточной массы тела и ожирения от особенностей структуры потребления энергии макронутриентов в рационе взрослого населения России за годы наблюдений (1994–2023) показал, что уровень потребления общей суточной энергии, абсолютных величин макронутриентов и % энергии макронутриентов существенно выше у лиц с ожирением. Отчётливо прослеживается в динамике наблюдений прямая зависимость роста частоты избыточной массы тела и ожирения от потребления энергии за счёт жира и обратная зависимость от потребления энергии углеводов.</p><p>Ограничения исследования определяются регистрацией в 2013 г. антропометрических показателей взрослого населения со слов респондентов без объективных измерений роста и массы тела, что следует учитывать при интерпретации полученных данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты анализа ассоциации параметров структуры энергии рациона и распространения ожирения необходимо учитывать при разработке приоритетных мер профилактики и снижения распространения ожирения как на популяционном, так и на индивидуальном уровнях.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Мартинчик А.Н. — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста; Батурин А.К. — сбор материала и обработка данных; Никитюк Д.Б. — концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Тутельян В.А. — редактирование. Все соавторы — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование проведено в рамках темы госзадания № FGMF-2022-0001.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 15.10.2024 / Поступила после доработки: 19.11.2024 / Принята к печати: 03.12.2024 / Опубликована: 28.12.2024</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The increasing prevalence of obesity is a serious health problem, since obesity significantly increases the risk of diseases such as diabetes type 2, fatty liver disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, dementia, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, and some types of cancer, and in general, leads to a significant reduction in life expectancy.</p><p>The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of obesity in the adult population of the Russian Federation depending on socio-demographic factors and dietary patterns for the years of observation from 1994 to 2023.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The current prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population aged 19+ during 2023 was assessed on the base of the body mass index (BMI) by anthropometric parameters of body weight and height obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) during the “Sample Survey of Population Diets” over 2023 based on a random sample of forty five thousand households in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation (72,129 adult members of households, 41% of men and 59% of women). To analyze trends in the prevalence of obesity, the results of observations for 1994–2012 under the RLMS project and the data obtained by Rosstat as part of the population diet survey in 2013–2023 were summarized. The prevalence of overweight and obesity according to WHO criteria was analyzed depending on socio-demographic variables: gender, age, place of residence, level of education, average per capita monthly household income.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Overweight (without obesity, BMI 25.0–29.9) was found in 52.5% of men and 38.9% of women. At the same time, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) is more common in women than in men, respectively, 24.2% and 17.3%. The total frequency of overweight, including obesity, in men is higher than in women, respectively, 69.8% and 63.1%. Among rural residents, the prevalence of obesity is significantly higher than among urban residents. The prevalence of obesity in both urban and rural settlements decreases with an increase in the number of residents. The frequency of obesity in men increases linearly with age from 19 to 65 years, and in the age group over 65 years, it begins to decrease linearly until the age of 90 years. The incidence of overweight, including obesity, increases sharply in men aged of 19 to 35 years, then maintaining a linear increase until the age of 55 years. In women, the incidence of obesity increases slowly from 19 to 50 years, then there is a rapid increase until the age of 65, then, as in men, there is a decrease. In young men, the incidence of overweight, including obesity, at the age of 19–30 years is higher than in women of the same age.</p><p>The highest prevalence of obesity was found in the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts, in men, respectively, 22.3% 20.7%, in women, respectively, 27.9%, and 28.5%. The minimum incidence of obesity in men and women was found in the North Caucasus Federal District.</p><p>The incidence of obesity among people of both sexes in the wealthiest groups of the population is lower than in the less wealthy (1st and 2nd quintiles of average monthly income). The proportion of obese men is significantly lower only in the group with higher education, while in women the incidence of obesity decreases linearly in a series from basic general to higher education.</p></sec><sec><title>Discussion</title><p>Discussion. An analysis of the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity and the specific structure of macronutrient energy consumption in the diet of the adult population of Russia over the observation years 1994–2023 showed the level of total daily energy consumption, absolute values of macronutrients and % of macronutrient energy to be significantly higher in obese individuals. A direct dependence of the increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity on energy consumption due to fat and an inverse dependence on carbohydrate energy consumption is clearly visible in the course of observations.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The limitations of the study are determined by the registration in 2013 of anthropometric indices of the adult population from the respondents’ words without objective measurements of height and body weight, which should be taken into account when interpreting the data obtained.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results of the analysis of the association of dietary energy structure parameters and the prevalence of obesity should be taken into account when developing a strategy for priority measures to prevent and reduce the prevalence of obesity, both at the population and individual levels.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Martinchik A.N. — concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, writing the text; Baturin A.K. — collection of material and data processing; Nikityuk D.B. — concept and design of the study, editing; Tutelyan V.A. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of government assignment No. FGMF-2022-0001.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: October 15, 2024 / Revised: November 19, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: December 28, 2024</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>распространение</kwd><kwd>социально-демографические факторы</kwd><kwd>фактическое питание</kwd><kwd>структура рациона по энергии макронутриентов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>socio-demographic factors</kwd><kwd>actual nutrition</kwd><kwd>structure of the diet by macronutrient energy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech. Rep. 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