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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2019-98-12-1331-1337</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-461</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оптимизация доз облучения пациентов в лучевой диагностике</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Optimization of radiation doses to patients in x-ray diagnostics</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8282-1798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Охрименко</surname><given-names>Сергей Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okhrimenko</surname><given-names>Sergei E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат мед. наук, докторант ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: ooniii@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., Ass. Prof, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Postgraduate Education, Moscow, 125993, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: ooniii@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ooniii@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-3358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильин</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilin</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5709-0858</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коренков</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korenkov</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6545-6170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8267-7319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирюков</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Birukov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1816-1315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гомболевский</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gombolevskiy</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4510-2890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прохоров</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokhorov</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лантух</surname><given-names>З. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lantukh</surname><given-names>Z. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжов</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rizhov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-0746</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатов</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-7977</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России; ГБУЗ «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного последипломного образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre; State Budget-Funded Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow «Research and Practical Clinical center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health care Department»; Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Postgraduate Education Russian Ministry of Health</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГНЦ РФ ФГБУ «Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Budget-Funded Health Care Institution of the City of Moscow «Research and Practical Clinical center for Diagnostics and Telemedicine Technologies of the Moscow Health care Department»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Russian Ministry of Health</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1331</fpage><lpage>1337</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Охрименко С.Е., Ильин Л.А., Коренков И.П., Морозов С.П., Бирюков А.П., Гомболевский В.А., Прохоров Н.И., Лантух З.А., Рыжов С.А., Солдатов И.В., Фомин А.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Охрименко С.Е., Ильин Л.А., Коренков И.П., Морозов С.П., Бирюков А.П., Гомболевский В.А., Прохоров Н.И., Лантух З.А., Рыжов С.А., Солдатов И.В., Фомин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Okhrimenko S.E., Ilin L.A., Korenkov I.P., Morozov S.P., Birukov A.P., Gombolevskiy V.A., Prokhorov N.I., Lantukh Z.A., Rizhov S.A., Soldatov I.V., Fomin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/461">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/461</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Радиационная безопасность при медицинском диагностическом облучении является сегодня одной из дискутируемых тем в профессиональном сообществе.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: оптимизация доз облучения пациентов в лучевой диагностике на основе риск-ориентированных подходов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проанализированы результаты современных исследований по оценке воздействия радиации на человека, подходы к обеспечению радиационной безопасности международных организаций (МКРЗ, МАГАТЭ), современная практика лучевой диагностики и проблемы оптимизации доз облучения пациентов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В статье дан подробный обзор современных научных взглядов на действие малых доз радиации, выявлены дискуссионные аспекты данной проблемы, в том числе по вопросу порога стохастических эффектов. Отмечено значение детских возрастных групп в реализации радиогенных рисков. Проведён анализ основных факторов формирования дозы медицинского диагностического облучения. Сделан вывод о том, что она формируется в основном в области диагностического облучения, в то время как ограничение (1 мЗв) распространяется только на профилактическое облучение. Это приводит к отсутствию системных подходов к разумному ограничению, оптимизации и обоснованию диагностических лучевых процедур. Показано, что значительная часть дозовой нагрузки формируется за счёт необоснованных или ошибочных направлений на исследование. Медицинское облучение имеет существенное отличие от других видов – техногенного и природного, а риск диагностического облучения конкурирует с риском отказа от лучевой диагностики. Предложен ряд мер, направленных на разумное ограничение медицинского облучения и снижение рисков стохастических эффектов при обеспечении высокого качества диагностики. В основе предложений лежит положение о снижении радиогенных рисков с увеличением возраста. Также сформулировано предложение о разработке «практических порогов» медицинского облучения для различных возрастных категорий.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Необходима коррекция процедуры обоснования лучевых исследований с учётом особенностей пациентов, разработка «практических порогов» медицинского диагностического облучения при приоритете качества диагностики.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics. </p><p>Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups. </p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types – man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>медицинское облучение</kwd><kwd>доза облучения</kwd><kwd>«симптомный» пациент</kwd><kwd>«бессимптомный» пациент</kwd><kwd>лучевая диагностика</kwd><kwd>радиационная защита</kwd><kwd>линейно-беспороговая концепция (ЛБК)</kwd><kwd>зависимость «доза-эффект» (ЗДЭ)</kwd><kwd>радиационно-эпидемиологическое исследование (РЭИ)</kwd><kwd>канцерогенез</kwd><kwd>стохастические эффекты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>medical exposure</kwd><kwd>radiation dose</kwd><kwd>“symptomatic” patient</kwd><kwd>“asymptomatic” patient</kwd><kwd>preventive research</kwd><kwd>diagnostic research</kwd><kwd>small doses</kwd><kwd>radiation diagnostics</kwd><kwd>radiation protection</kwd><kwd>non-threshold concept</kwd><kwd>carcinogenesis</kwd><kwd>stochastic effects</kwd><kwd>dose-effect relationship (DER)</kwd><kwd>radio-epidemiological research (RER)</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин Л.А., Коренков И.П., Наркевич Б.Я. 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