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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-2-234-238</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">kxhccd</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4658</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспрессия маркёра апоптоза caspase-3 при токсическом гепатите, вызванном тетрахлорметаном</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in toxic hepatitis caused by tetrachloromethane in the liver</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1856-3173</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байгильдин</surname><given-names>Самат Сагадатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baygildin</surname><given-names>Samat S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: baigildin.samat@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), researcher at the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: baigildin.samat@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baigildin.samat@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-0846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репина</surname><given-names>Эльвира Фаридовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repina</surname><given-names>Elvira F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), senior researcher at the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.f.repina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смолянкин</surname><given-names>Денис Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyankin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher at the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2092-1021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудояров</surname><given-names>Эльдар Ренатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudoyarov</surname><given-names>Eldar K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher at the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-8180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Надежда Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher at the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">h-n-yu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-4990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадеев</surname><given-names>Айдар Ринатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadeev</surname><given-names>Aidar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher at the Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgaar87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), head of the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валова</surname><given-names>Яна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valova</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: q.juk@ya.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), junior researcher at the Department of toxicology and genetics with experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: q.juk@ya.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">q.juk@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>238</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Байгильдин С.С., Репина Э.Ф., Смолянкин Д.А., Кудояров Э.Р., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Ахмадеев А.Р., Каримов Д.О., Валова Я.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Байгильдин С.С., Репина Э.Ф., Смолянкин Д.А., Кудояров Э.Р., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Ахмадеев А.Р., Каримов Д.О., Валова Я.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baygildin S.S., Repina E.F., Smolyankin D.A., Kudoyarov E.K., Khusnutdinova N.Y., Akhmadeev A.R., Karimov D.O., Valova Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4658">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4658</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Несмотря на разностороннее изучение в последние годы механизмов токсических поражений печени, эффективных методов лечения до сих пор очень мало. При поражении печени тетрахлорметаном обнаруживается гибель гепатоцитов, в том числе и апоптоз.</p><p>Цель исследования – изучение гистологических изменений и иммуногистохимическое исследование экспрессии маркёра апоптоза caspase-3 на модели токсического поражения, вызванного тетрахлорметаном, при коррекции гепатопротекторами.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В эксперименте использовали 45 крыс, разделённых на 9 групп. В качестве токсиканта использовали масляный раствор CCl4 для каждой группы крыс за исключением отрицательного контроля. Корректирующее воздействие на моделях острого поражения печени, вызванного однократным введением CCl4, проводили с использованием препаратов «Гептор», «Мексидол» и оксиметилурацила. Коррекцию проводили дважды (вывод из эксперимента через 24 ч) и четырёхкратно (вывод из эксперимента через 72 ч). Ткани печени были подвергнуты стандартной гистологической обработке с окраской гематоксилин-эозином и иммуногистохимическому исследованию на caspase-3. Количество caspase-3-позитивных клеток оценивали с помощью предварительно обученной модели глубокого обучения YOLOv5.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Через 24 ч интоксикации статистически значимых различий по количеству caspase-3-положительных клеток на микрофотографии в опытных группах не обнаружено (p = 0,087). Через 72 ч введения тетрахлорметана между группами были обнаружены статистически значимые различия (p = 0,02). Множественное сравнение показало присутствие статистически значимых различий между группами отрицательного контроля и положительного контроля (p = 0,0076), а также между группой положительного контроля и группой, скорректированной оксиметилурацилом (p = 0,0254).</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Ограничения исследования заключаются в оценке гистологических изменений и экспрессии маркёра апоптоза caspase-3 только через 24 и 72 ч после интоксикации без проведения долгосрочных исследований, в использовании относительно небольшого количества животных (45 крыс) и применении только стандартных гистологических методов, иммуногистохимического анализа и метода глубокого обучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Через 72 ч группы положительного и отрицательного контроля отличались между собой, что указывает на усиление процессов апоптоза после введения тетрахлорметана, а группа с коррекцией оксиметилурацилом демонстрировала меньшее количество caspase-3-позитивных клеток по сравнению с группой положительного контроля, что свидетельствует о гепатопротекторном эффекте этого препарата.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено биоэтической комиссией ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», проведено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях (ETS N 123), директивой Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского союза 2010/63/EC от 22.09.2010 г. о защите животных, использующихся для научных целей.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Байгильдин С.С. – сбор и обработка материала, написание текста; Репина Э.Ф., Каримов Д.О. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Смолянкин Д.А., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Ахмадеев А.Р. – сбор и обработка материала; Кудояров Э.Р., Валова Я.В. – сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа проведена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках отраслевой научно-исследовательской программы Роспотребнадзора «Гигиеническое научное обоснование минимизации рисков здоровью населения России» на 2016–2020 годы по теме 3.5, № гос. регистрации АААА-А16-116022610045-4. Синтез композиции 5-гидрокси-6-метилурацила выполнен в соответствии с планом научно-исследовательских работ УфИХ УФИЦ РАН (№ гос. регистрации АААА-А19-119011790021-4).</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 13.03.2024 / Поступила после доработки: 26.04.2024 / Принята к печати: 02.10.2024 / Опубликована: 07.03.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Despite significant attention to the study of the mechanisms of toxic liver damage in recent years, there are still very few effective treatment methods. Liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride results in hepatocyte death, including apoptosis.</p><p>The purpose of the study was to study histological changes and immunohistochemical investigation of the expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 in a model of toxic liver injury induced by CCl4 with hepatoprotective correction.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The experiment involved forty five rats divided into 9 groups. CCl4 oil solution was used as the toxicant for each rat group except the negative control groups. Hepatoprotective correction was performed using “Heptor”, “Mexidol”, and Oxymethyluracil. Correction was carried out twice (sacrifice after 24 hours) and four times (sacrifice after 72 hours) following a single CCl4 injection. Liver tissues underwent standard histological processing with hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for caspase-3. The number of caspase-3-positive cells was evaluated using a pre-trained YOLOv5 deep learning model.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. After 24 hours of intoxication, no statistically significant differences in the number of caspase-3-positive cells on microphotographs were found in the experimental groups (p=0.087). However, after 72 hours of CCl4 administration, statistically significant differences were observed between the groups (p=0.020). Multiple comparisons showed statistically significant differences between the negative control and positive control groups (p=0.0076), as well as between the positive control group and the group corrected with Oxymethyluracil (p=0.0254).</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The limitations of the study include the evaluation of histological changes and the expression of the apoptosis marker caspase-3 only at 24 and 72 hours after intoxication without long-term studies, the use of a relatively small number of animals (45 rats), and the reliance solely on standard histological methods, immunohistochemical analysis, and deep learning techniques.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion: After 72 hours, the positive and negative control groups differed from each other, indicating an exacerbation of apoptosis processes after CCl4 administration. The group corrected with Oxymethyluracil demonstrated fewer caspase-3-positive cells compared to the positive control group, suggesting the hepatoprotective effect of this drug. </p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, conducted in accordance with the European Covention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the Eurpean Union 2010/63 /EC of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Baygildin S.S. – collection and processing of material, writing a text; Repina E.F., Karimov D.O. – the concept and design of the study, editing; Smolyankin D.A., Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Akhmadeev A.R. – collection and processing of material; Kudoyarov E.R., Valova Ya.V. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgement</title><p>Acknowledgement. The work was carried out at the expense of subsidies for the implementation of a state task within the framework of the sectoral research program of Rospotrebnadzor “Hygienic scientific substantiation of minimizing risks to the health of the population of Russia” for 2016–2020 on topic 3.5, state no. registration AAAA-A16-116022610045-4. The synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil composition was carried out in accordance with the research plan of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State Registration No. AAAA-A19-119011790021-4).</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: March 13, 2024 / Revised: April 26, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 7, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммуногистохимия</kwd><kwd>токсический гепатит</kwd><kwd>антиоксиданты</kwd><kwd>компьютерное зрение</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd><kwd>caspase-3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>toxic hepatitis</kwd><kwd>antioxidants</kwd><kwd>computer vision</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>caspase-3</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J., He B., Zhang S., Huang W., Li X. 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