<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-3-312-317</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">qlekji</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4716</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Определение экологически безопасной концентрации германия в чернозёме обыкновенном</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Determination of an environmentally safe concentration of germanium in ordinary chernozem</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-9829</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цепина</surname><given-names>Наталья Игоревна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsepina</surname><given-names>Natalya I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр., Академия биологии и биотехнологии им. Д.И. Ивановского, ЮФУ, 344090, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology named after D.I. Ivanovsky, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5860-8420</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесников</surname><given-names>Сергей Ильич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnikov</surname><given-names>Sergey I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор с.-х. наук, профессор, зав. каф. экологии и природопользования, Академия биологии и биотехнологии им. Д.И. Ивановского, ЮФУ, 344090, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Agriculture), Professor, Head of the Department, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology named after D.I. Ivanovsky, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9453-7137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минникова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minnikova</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр., Академия биологии и биотехнологии им. Д.И. Ивановского, ЮФУ, 344090, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия</p><p>e-mail: loko261008@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology named after D.I. Ivanovsky, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: loko261008@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">loko261008@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-5288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузина</surname><given-names>Анна Андреевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzina</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр., Академия биологии и биотехнологии им. Д.И. Ивановского, ЮФУ, 344090, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology named after D.I. Ivanovsky, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3022-0883</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минкина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minkina</surname><given-names>Tatiana M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, профессор, зав. каф. почвоведения и оценки земельных ресурсов, Академия биологии и биотехнологии им. Д.И. Ивановского, ЮФУ, 344090, Ростов-на-Дону, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), Professor, Head of the Department, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology named after D.I. Ivanovsky, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Южный федеральный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Southern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>312</fpage><lpage>317</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Цепина Н.И., Колесников С.И., Минникова Т.В., Кузина А.А., Минкина Т.М., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Цепина Н.И., Колесников С.И., Минникова Т.В., Кузина А.А., Минкина Т.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsepina N.I., Kolesnikov S.I., Minnikova T.V., Kuzina A.A., Minkina T.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4716">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4716</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Германий (Ge) является ценным для технологической сферы химическим элементом. В последние годы Ge всё чаще применяется в различных отраслях промышленности: при создании волоконной и инфракрасной оптики, в качестве катализатора полимеризации при производстве полиэтилентерефталата (ПЭТ). В почвах, загрязнённых отходами горнодобывающей промышленности, Ge содержится в концентрации от 1,45 до 7,91 мг/кг. Предельно допустимые концентрации Ge в почве не разработаны, соответственно актуальными представляются комплексная оценка влияния Ge на биологические показатели почв и установление экологически безопасной концентрации Ge в почве.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В лабораторном эксперименте при помощи методов биодиагностики оценена экотоксичность 3; 30 и 300 фоновых концентраций (ФК) Ge на 10-е, 30-е и 90-е сутки. Все исследуемые величины включали в расчёт интегрального показателя биологического состояния почвы (ИПБС). При загрязнении Ge диагностировали очерёдность нарушения экосистемных функций почвы по степени снижения ИПБС. Доза элемента, под влиянием которой происходит нарушение целостных функций почвы, характеризующих степень плодородия почвы, определена как экологически безопасная концентрация Ge в данной почве.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. С увеличением дозы Ge в почве усиливался экотоксический эффект влияния на активность каталазы и дегидрогеназ, обилие бактерий рода Azotobacter, целлюлозолитическую активность, всхожесть и длину корней редиса. После загрязнения Ge почвы выявлена максимальная токсичность для показателей, исследуемых на 10-е и 30-е сутки. Показатель длины корней редиса проявил наибольшую чувствительность к загрязнению почвы Ge по сравнению с показателем активности дегидрогеназ. Наиболее сильная корреляция отмечена между содержанием Ge в почве и активностью каталазы. Установлена экологически безопасная концентрация Ge в почве – 6,5 мг/кг. Полученные результаты оценки экотоксичности загрязнённых Ge почв возможно использовать для диагностики их экологического состояния.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Предложенные экологически безопасные концентрации в Ge почвах применимы прежде всего для чернозёмов обыкновенных.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Повышение фоновых концентраций Ge в почве ингибировало биологические показатели чернозёма обыкновенного. Максимальное экотоксическое влияние Ge на исследуемые показатели продемонстрировано на 10-е и 30-е сутки. Длина корней редиса наиболее чувствительна к загрязнению почвы Ge по сравнению с показателем активности дегидрогеназ. Наиболее сильная корреляция отмечена между содержанием Ge в почве и активностью каталазы. Установлена экологически безопасная концентрация Ge в почве – 6,5 мг/кг. Полученные результаты по оценке экотоксичности почв, загрязнённых Ge, возможно использовать для диагностики экологического состояния почв.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Цепина Н.И. – сбор данных литературы, написание текста, редактирование; Колесников С.И. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование; Минникова Т.В. – сбор материала и обработка данных, редактирование; Кузина А.А. – сбор материала и обработка данных, статистическая обработка данных; Минкина Т.М. – сбор материала и обработка данных, редактирование. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках государственного задания в сфере научной деятельности; проект № FENW-2023-0008.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 13.06.2024 / Поступила после доработки: 22.07.2024 / Принята к печати: 02.10.2024 / Опубликована: 31.03.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Germanium (Ge) is a valuable chemical element for the technological sphere. In recent years, Ge has been increasingly used in various branches of high-tech industry: in the creation of fiber and infrared optics, as well as as polymerization catalysts in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In soils contaminated with mining waste, the Ge content ranges from 1.45 to 7.91 mg/kg. The maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of Ge in the soil have not been developed, accordingly, it seems relevant to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the effect of Ge on biological indicators of soil condition and establish an environmentally safe concentration of Ge in the soil.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. In a laboratory experiment, the ecotoxicity of 3, 30, and 300 Ge background concentrations (BC) on 10th, 30th, and 90th day was evaluated using biodiagnostic methods. All the studied indicators were included in the calculation of the integral indicator of the biological state (IIBS) of the soil. In case of contamination with Ge there was diagnosed the sequence of violations of the ecosystem functions of the soil according to the degree of decrease in IIBS. The dose of the element, under the influence of which there is a violation of the integral functions of the soil, characterizing the degree of the soil fertility, is defined as an environmentally safe concentration of Ge in this soil.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. With an increase in the Ge dose in the soil, the ecotoxic effect of the impact of the mineral on catalase and dehydrogenases activity, the abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, cellulolytic activity, germination and length of radish roots increased. After Ge contamination of the soil, the maximum toxicity was revealed for the indicators studied on the 10th and 30th das. The radish root length index showed the greatest sensitivity to Ge soil contamination compared with the indicator of dehydrogenases activity. The strongest correlation was noted between the Ge content in the soil and catalase activity. An environmentally safe concentration of Ge in the soil has been established – 6.5 mg/kg. The obtained results on the assessment of ecotoxicity of soils contaminated with Ge can be used to diagnose the ecological state of soils.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The proposed environmentally safe concentrations in Ge soils are applicable, first, for ordinary chernozem.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. An increase in background concentrations of Ge in the soil inhibited the biological parameters of ordinary chernozem. The maximum ecotoxic effect of Ge on the studied parameters was demonstrated on 10th and 30th days. The length of radish roots is most sensitive to Ge soil contamination compared to the indicator of dehydrogenase activity. The strongest correlation was noted between the Ge content in the soil and catalase activity. An environmentally safe Ge concentration in the soil has been established – 6.5 mg/kg. The obtained results on the assessment of ecotoxicity of soils contaminated with Ge can be used for diagnostics and as an indicator of the ecological state of soils.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require an opinion from a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Tsepina N.I. – literature data collection, text writing; Kolesnikov S.I. – research concept and design, text writing, editing; Minnikova T.V. – collection of material and data processing, editing; Kuzina A.А. – collection of material and data processing, statistical data processing; Minkina T.M. – collection of material and data processing, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The research was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of the state assignment in the field of scientific activity; project N FENW-2023-0008.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: June 13, 2024 / Revised: July 22, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: March 31, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>чернозём</kwd><kwd>германий</kwd><kwd>биологические показатели</kwd><kwd>экологически безопасная концентрация</kwd><kwd>нормирование</kwd><kwd>биотестирование</kwd><kwd>экотоксичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chernozem</kwd><kwd>germanium</kwd><kwd>biological indicators</kwd><kwd>environmentally safe concentration</kwd><kwd>rationing</kwd><kwd>biotesting</kwd><kwd>ecotoxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiche O., Heilmeier H. Germanium (Ge) and rare earth element (REE) accumulation in selected energy crops cultivated on two different soils. Miner. Eng. 2016; 92: 208–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.03.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiche O., Heilmeier H. Germanium (Ge) and rare earth element (REE) accumulation in selected energy crops cultivated on two different soils. Miner. Eng. 2016; 92: 208–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2016.03.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Curtolo D.C., Friedrich S., Friedrich B. High purity germanium, a review on principle theories and technical production methodologies. J. Cryst. Process Technol. 2017; 7(4): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcpt.2017.74005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Curtolo D.C., Friedrich S., Friedrich B. High purity germanium, a review on principle theories and technical production methodologies. J. Cryst. Process Technol. 2017; 7(4): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcpt.2017.74005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L., Xu Z. Application of vacuum reduction and chlorinated distillation to enrich and prepare pure germanium from coal fly ash. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017; 321: 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.070</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L., Xu Z. Application of vacuum reduction and chlorinated distillation to enrich and prepare pure germanium from coal fly ash. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017; 321: 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.070</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moskalyk R.R. Review of germanium processing worldwide. Miner. Eng. 2004; 17(3): 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2003.11.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moskalyk R.R. Review of germanium processing worldwide. Miner. Eng. 2004; 17(3): 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2003.11.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арбузов С.И., Чекрыжов И.Ю., Ильенок С.С., Соктоев Б.Р., Соболева Е.Е. Новые данные по геохимии и условиям образования германий-угольного месторождения спецугли (Приморский край). Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. 2021; 332(5): 17–38. https://elibrary.ru/dtppmd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arbuzov S.I., Chekryzhov I.Yu., Ilenok S.S., Soktoev B.R., Soboleva E.E. New data on geochemistry and genesis of the Spetsugli germanium-coal deposit (Primorsky krai). Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Inzhiniring georesursov. 2021; 332(5): 17–38. https://elibrary.ru/dtppmd (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вялов В.И., Олейникова Г.А., Наставкин А.В. Особенности распределения германия в углях Павловского месторождения. Химия твердого топлива. 2020; (3): 42–9. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0023117720030111 https://elibrary.ru/pmfinx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vyalov V.I., Oleinikova G.A., Nastavkin A.V. Distribution of germanium in coals of the Pavlovsk deposit. Solid Fuel Chemistry. 2020; 54(3): 163–9. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0361521920030118 https://elibrary.ru/mmansu</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schreiter N., Wiche O., Aubel I., Roode-Gutzmer Q., Bertau M. Determination of germanium in plant and soil samples using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR CS GFAAS) with solid sampling. J. Geochem. Explor. 2021; 220: 106674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106674</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schreiter N., Wiche O., Aubel I., Roode-Gutzmer Q., Bertau M. Determination of germanium in plant and soil samples using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR CS GFAAS) with solid sampling. J. Geochem. Explor. 2021; 220: 106674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2020.106674</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng W., Lei S., Bian Z., Zhao Y., Li Y., Gan Y. Geographic distribution of heavy metals and identification of their sources in soils near large, open-pit coal mines using positive matrix factorization. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020; 387: 121666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121666</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng W., Lei S., Bian Z., Zhao Y., Li Y., Gan Y. Geographic distribution of heavy metals and identification of their sources in soils near large, open-pit coal mines using positive matrix factorization. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020; 387: 121666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121666</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крылов Д.А. Негативное воздействие микроэлементов, содержащихся в углях, в золошлаковых отвалах и в золе-уносе угольных ТЭС, на окружающую среду и здоровье людей. М.; 2012. https://elibrary.ru/qmlrzx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krylov D.A. The Negative Impact of Trace Elements Contained in Coals, in Ash and Slag Heaps and in the Fly Ash of Coal-Fired Thermal Power Plants on the Environment and Human Health [Negativnoe vozdeistvie mikroelementov, soderzhashchikhsya v uglyakh, v zoloshlakovykh otvalakh i v zole-unose ugol’nykh TES, na okruzhayushchuyu sredu i zdorov’e lyudei]. Moscow; 2012. https://elibrary.ru/qmlrzx (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеенко В.А., Алексеенко А.В. Химические элементы в геохимических системах. Кларки почв селитебных ландшафтов. Ростов-на-Дону; 2013. https://elibrary.ru/ttoxiv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseenko V.A., Alekseenko A.V. Chemical Elements in Geochemical Systems. Clarks of Soils of Residential Landscapes [Khimicheskie elementy v geokhimicheskikh sistemakh. Klarki pochv selitebnykh landshaftov]. Rostov-na-Donu; 2013. https://elibrary.ru/ttoxiv (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiche O., Székely B., Moschner C., Heilmeier H. Germanium in the soil-plant system-a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2018; 25(32): 31938–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3172-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiche O., Székely B., Moschner C., Heilmeier H. Germanium in the soil-plant system-a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 2018; 25(32): 31938–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3172-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Négrel P., Ladenberger A., Reimann C., Birke M., Sadeghi M. Team GEMAS: Source, distribution patterns and geochemical behaviour of Ge in agricultural and grazing land soils at European continental scale. Appl. Geochem. 2016; 72: 113–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Négrel P., Ladenberger A., Reimann C., Birke M., Sadeghi M. Team GEMAS: Source, distribution patterns and geochemical behaviour of Ge in agricultural and grazing land soils at European continental scale. Appl. Geochem. 2016; 72: 113–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Midula P., Wiche O., Wiese P., Andráš P. Concentration and bioavailability of toxic trace elements, germanium, and rare earth elements in contaminated areas of the Davidschacht dump-field in Freiberg (Saxony). Freiberg Ecol. Online. 2017; 1(2): 101–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Midula P., Wiche O., Wiese P., Andráš P. Concentration and bioavailability of toxic trace elements, germanium, and rare earth elements in contaminated areas of the Davidschacht dump-field in Freiberg (Saxony). Freiberg Ecol. Online. 2017; 1(2): 101–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jabłońska-Czapla M., Grygoyć K., Rachwał M., Fornalczyk A., Willner J. Germanium speciation study in soil from an electronic waste processing plant area. J. Soils Sediments. 2023; 23: 3362–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03566-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jabłońska-Czapla M., Grygoyć K., Rachwał M., Fornalczyk A., Willner J. Germanium speciation study in soil from an electronic waste processing plant area. J. Soils Sediments. 2023; 23: 3362–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03566-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo X., Sun J., Kong D., Lei Y., Gong F., Zhang T., et al. The role of germanium in diseases: exploring its important biological effects. J. Transl. Med. 2023; 21(1): 795. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04643-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo X., Sun J., Kong D., Lei Y., Gong F., Zhang T., et al. The role of germanium in diseases: exploring its important biological effects. J. Transl. Med. 2023; 21(1): 795. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04643-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin C.H., Chen S.S., Lin Y.C., Lee Y.S., Chen T.J. Germanium dioxide induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells. Neurotoxicology. 2006; 27(6): 1052–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin C.H., Chen S.S., Lin Y.C., Lee Y.S., Chen T.J. Germanium dioxide induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in Neuro-2A cells. Neurotoxicology. 2006; 27(6): 1052–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2006.05.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma Y.H., Huang C.P., Tsai J.S., Shen M.Y., Li Y.K., Lin L.Y. Water-soluble germanium nanoparticles cause necrotic cell death and the damage can be attenuated by blocking the transduction of necrotic signaling pathway. Toxicol. Lett. 2011; 207(3): 258–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma Y.H., Huang C.P., Tsai J.S., Shen M.Y., Li Y.K., Lin L.Y. Water-soluble germanium nanoparticles cause necrotic cell death and the damage can be attenuated by blocking the transduction of necrotic signaling pathway. Toxicol. Lett. 2011; 207(3): 258–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin C.H., Chen T.J., Chen S.S. Functional changes on ascending auditory pathway in rats caused by germanium dioxide exposure: an electrophysiological study. Toxicology. 2009; 256(1–2): 110–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.11.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin C.H., Chen T.J., Chen S.S. Functional changes on ascending auditory pathway in rats caused by germanium dioxide exposure: an electrophysiological study. Toxicology. 2009; 256(1–2): 110–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.11.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sellappa S., Jeyaraman V. Antibacterial properties of organic germanium against some human pathogens. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2011; 2(1): 854–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sellappa S., Jeyaraman V. Antibacterial properties of organic germanium against some human pathogens. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2011; 2(1): 854–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma J.F., Tamai K., Ichii M., Wu G.F. A rice mutant defective in Si uptake. Plant. Physiol. 2002; 130(4): 2111–7. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010348</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma J.F., Tamai K., Ichii M., Wu G.F. A rice mutant defective in Si uptake. Plant. Physiol. 2002; 130(4): 2111–7. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010348</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolesnikov S.I., Kazeev K.S., Akimenko Y.V. Development of regional standards for pollutants in the soil using biological parameters. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2019; 191(9): 544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7718-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikov S.I., Kazeev K.S., Akimenko Y.V. Development of regional standards for pollutants in the soil using biological parameters. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2019; 191(9): 544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7718-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казеев К.Ш., Колесников С.И., Акименко Ю.В., Даденко Е.В. Методы биодиагностики наземных экосистем. Ростов-на-Дону; 2016. https://elibrary.ru/xvousx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazeev K.Sh., Kolesnikov S.I., Akimenko Yu.V., Dadenko E.V. Methods of Biodiagnostics of Terrestrial Ecosystems [Metody biodiagnostiki nazemnykh ekosistem]. Rostov-na-Donu; 2016. https://elibrary.ru/xvousx (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соседова Л.М., Новиков М.А., Титов Е.А. Воздействие наночастиц металлов на почвенный биоценоз (обзор литературы). Гигиена и санитария. 2020; 99(10): 1061–6. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-10-1061-1066 https://elibrary.ru/bljjgm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sosedova L.M., Novikov M.A., Titov E.A. Impact of metal nanoparticles on the ecology of soil biocenosis (literature review). Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2020; 99(10): 1061–6. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-10-1061-1066 https://elibrary.ru/bljjgm (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Терехова В.А. Биотестирование экотоксичности почв при химическом загрязнении: современные подходы к интеграции для оценки экологического состояния (обзор). Почвоведение. 2022; (5): 586–99. https://elibrary.ru/raqefc</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Terekhova V.A. Biotesting of soil ecotoxicity in case of chemical contamination: modern approaches to integration for environmental assessment (a review). Euras. Soil Sci. 2022; 55(5): 601–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дикарев А.В., Дикарев В.Г., Дикарева Н.С. Исследование фитотоксичности свинца для растений редиса и салата при выращивании на разных типах почв. Агрохимия. 2019; (6): 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0002188119030050 https://elibrary.ru/zhjvpp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dikarev A.V., Dikarev V.G., Dikareva N.S. Phytotoxicity of lead for radish and salad plants growing on different soil types. Agrokhimiya. 2019; (6): 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0002188119030050 https://elibrary.ru/zhjvpp (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бабьева М.А., Зенова Н.К. Биология почв. М.; 1989. https://elibrary.ru/qksrzn</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bab’eva M.A., Zenova N.K. Biology of Soils [Biologiya pochv]. Moscow; 1989. https://elibrary.ru/qksrzn (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галстян А.Ш. Проблемы и методы биологической диагностики и индикации почв. В кн.: Всесоюзное совещание «Проблемы и методы биологической диагностики и индикации почв». М.; 1976. https://elibrary.ru/xpyxyd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galstyan A.Sh. Problems and Methods of Biological Diagnostics and Indication of Soils. All-Union Meeting «Problems and Methods of Biological Diagnostics and Indication of Soils» [Problemy i metody biologicheskoi diagnostiki i indikatsii pochv. Vsesoyuznoe soveshchanie «Problemy i metody biologicheskoi diagnostiki i indikatsii pochv»]. Moscow; 1976. https://elibrary.ru/xpyxyd (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хазиев Ф.Х. Методы почвенной энзимологии. М.: Наука; 1990. https://elibrary.ru/vyscsv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaziev F.Kh. Methods of Soil Enzymology [Metody pochvennoi enzimologii]. Moscow: Nauka; 1990. https://elibrary.ru/vyscsv (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузина А.А., Колесников С.И., Минникова Т.В., Неведомая Е.Н., Тер-Мисакянц Т.А., Казеев К.Ш. Подходы к разработке экологических региональных нормативов содержания свинца в почвах Черноморского побережья Кавказа на основе интегрального показателя биологического состояния почвы. Гигиена и санитария. 2022; 101(3): 262–9. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-3-262-269 https://elibrary.ru/kocucf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzina A.A., Kolesnikov S.I., Minnikova T.V., Nevedomaya E.N., Ter-Misakyants T.A., Kazeev K.Sh. Approaches to the development of environmental regional standards for the content of lead in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus on the basis of an integral indicator of the biological state of the soil. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2022; 101(3): 262–9. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-3-262-269 https://elibrary.ru/kocucf (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добровольский Г.В., Никитин Е.Д. Экология почв. Учение об экологических функциях почв. М.: Наука; 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrovol’skii G.V., Nikitin E.D. Ecology of Soils. The Doctrine of the Ecological Functions of Soils [Ekologiya pochv. Uchenie ob ekologicheskikh funktsiyakh pochv]. Moscow: Nauka; 2006. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi I.W., Seo D.C., Han M.J., DeLaune R.D., Ok Y.S., Jeon W.T., et al. Accumulation and toxicity of germanium in cucumber under different types of germaniums. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal. 2013; 44(20): 3006–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.829083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi I.W., Seo D.C., Han M.J., DeLaune R.D., Ok Y.S., Jeon W.T., et al. Accumulation and toxicity of germanium in cucumber under different types of germaniums. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant. Anal. 2013; 44(20): 3006–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2013.829083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolesnikov S., Minnikova T., Minkina T., Rajput V.D., Tsepina N., Kazeev K., et al. Toxic effects of thallium on biological indicators of Haplic Chernozem health: a case study. Environments. 2021; 8(11): 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolesnikov S., Minnikova T., Minkina T., Rajput V.D., Tsepina N., Kazeev K., et al. Toxic effects of thallium on biological indicators of Haplic Chernozem health: a case study. Environments. 2021; 8(11): 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
