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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-4-463-469</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ibeuxi</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4826</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменение элементного гомеостаза и профиля экспрессии генов при субхронической интоксикации гидроксидом алюминия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Changes in elemental homeostasis and gene expression profile under subchronic hydroxide intoxication with aluminum</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5455-6472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усманова</surname><given-names>Эльза Наилевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Usmanova</surname><given-names>Elza N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. химико-аналитического отд. ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: 4usmanova@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: 4usmanova@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">4usmanova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the toxicology and genetics department with the experimental clinic of laboratory animals of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-4802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даукаев</surname><given-names>Рустем Аскарович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Daukaev</surname><given-names>Rustem A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. химико-аналитическим отд. ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ufa.lab@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the chemical analysis department of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ufa.lab@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ufa.lab@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валова</surname><given-names>Яна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valova</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. генетики ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the laboratory of genetics of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смолянкин</surname><given-names>Денис Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyankin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher of the Department with the experimental clinic of laboratory animals of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-8180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Надежда Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher of the Department with the experimental clinic of laboratory animals of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), senior researcher of the Department with the experimental clinic of laboratory animals of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2377-3471</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адиева</surname><given-names>Гюзелия Фаритовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Adieva</surname><given-names>Gyuzeliya F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. химико-аналитического отд. ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» Роспотребнадзора, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ufa.lab@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), senior researcher of the Chemical analysis department of Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ufa.lab@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ufa.lab@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>463</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Усманова Э.Н., Каримов Д.О., Даукаев Р.А., Валова Я.В., Смолянкин Д.А., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Каримов Д.Д., Адиева Г.Ф., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Усманова Э.Н., Каримов Д.О., Даукаев Р.А., Валова Я.В., Смолянкин Д.А., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Каримов Д.Д., Адиева Г.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Usmanova E.N., Karimov D.O., Daukaev R.A., Valova Y.V., Smolyankin D.A., Khusnutdinova N.Y., Karimov D.D., Adieva G.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4826">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4826</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Гидроксид алюминия (Al(OH)3) широко используется в промышленности и медицине, но его токсические свойства при попадании в организм вызывают обеспокоенность. По данным различных авторов, алюминий может влиять на гомеостаз эссенциальных элементов и другие клеточные функции. Настоящее исследование посвящено изучению дозозависимого токсического воздействия гидроксида алюминия на изменение в концентрации эссенциальных элементов в органах лабораторных животных и профиля экспрессии генов, задействованных в патогенезе.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на самках белых аутбредных крыс массой тела 180–200 г, которым перорально вводили Al(OH)3 в дозах 0,015; 0,15 и 1,5 мг/кг в течение 28 дней. Анализ тканей печени и почек на содержание алюминия и эссенциальных элементов (кальция, магния, железа) выполняли с помощью атомно-абсорбционной спектрометрии. Методом ПЦР в реальном времени исследовали экспрессию генов металлотионеинов (Mt1a, Mt2a, Mt3) и генов – транспортёров цинка (ZIP). Статистический анализ выполнен с использованием метода Bootstrap и поправки Холма – Бонферрони (p &lt; 0,05).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Результаты данного исследования продемонстрировали дозозависимое увеличение содержания алюминия в почках и печени крыс. Наиболее выраженные изменения зафиксированы при дозировках 0,015 и 1,5 мг/кг. Также были выявлены значительные изменения концентраций кальция, магния и железа в почках. Эксперимент показал, что пероральное введение гидроксида алюминия приводит к снижению уровней магния и железа в печени крыс. Экспрессия генов металлотионеинов и гена ZIP в почках животных также значительно угнетена при низких дозах гидроксида алюминия и максимально увеличена при дозе 1,5 мг/кг. Экспрессия генов Mt1a и Mt2a снижалась при введении гидроксида алюминия. Корреляция между уровнями магния и экспрессией гена ZIP подчёркивает влияние микроэлементов на метаболические процессы и защитные механизмы почек.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Молекулярно-генетические маркёры могут не полностью отражать всё многообразие реакций организма. Индивидуальные различия могут существенно влиять на результаты. Экстраполяция данных на человека затруднена из-за различия видовых особенностей обмена веществ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Исследование показало, что гидроксид алюминия вызывает дозозависимое токсическое воздействие, нарушая гомеостаз микроэлементов и изменяя экспрессию генов, в том числе металлотионеинов и ZIP. Эти результаты подчёркивают необходимость дальнейших исследований для понимания механизмов интоксикации и разработки профилактических стратегий защиты организма.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» (протокол № 02–04 от 18.04.2024 г.), проведено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Усманова Э.Н. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, выполнение химических анализов, написание текста; Каримов Д.О. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, статистическая обработка; Даукаев Р.А. – сбор материала и обработка данных, сбор данных литературы; Валова Я.В. – генетические анализы, редактирование; Смолянкин Д.А. – дизайн исследования, проведение затравки, сбор материала; Каримов Д.Д. – уход за животными; Адиева Г.Ф. – сбор данных литературы и обработка результатов. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено в рамках отраслевой научно-исследовательской программой Роспотребнадзора на 2021–2025 гг. «Научное обоснование национальной системы обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, управления рисками здоровью и повышения качества жизни населения России», НИОКТР «Экспериментальное обоснование высокочувствительных маркёров воздействия токсичных металлов на организм и разработка мер профилактики», регистрационный № 223122100004–3.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 17.10.2024 / Принята к печати: 03.12.2024 / Опубликована: 30.04.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)₃) is widely used in industry and medicine, but its toxic properties when it ingested are of concern. According to various authors, aluminum can affect the homeostasis of essential elements and other cellular functions. The present study is devoted to the study of the dose-dependent toxic effect of aluminum hydroxide on changes in the concentration of essential elements in the organs of laboratory animals and the expression profile of genes involved in pathogenesis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted on female white outbred rats weighing 180–200 g, which were orally administered aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) at doses of 0.015 mg/kg, 0.15 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg for 28 days. Analysis of liver and kidney tissue for the content of aluminum and essential elements (calcium, magnesium, iron) was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry. The expression of metallothionein genes (Mt1a, Mt2a, Mt3) and zinc transporter genes (ZIP) was studied using the real-time PCR method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Bootstrap method and the Holm-Bonferroni correction (p&lt;0.05).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The results of this study demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in aluminum content in the kidneys and liver in rats, with the most pronounced changes recorded at doses of 0.015 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg. Significant changes in the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and iron in the kidneys were also revealed. The experiment showed oral administration of aluminum hydroxide to lead to a decrease in the levels of magnesium and iron in the liver in rats. The expression of metallothionein genes and the ZIP gene in the kidneys in rats also showed a significant suppression at low doses of aluminum hydroxide, with a maximum increase in expression at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg. Mt1a and Mt2a gene expression was decreased by aluminum hydroxide administration. The correlation between magnesium levels and ZIP gene expression highlights the influence of trace elements on metabolic processes and renal defense mechanisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Our study faces several limitations. First, molecular genetic markers may not fully reflect the diversity of body responses. Second, individual differences may significantly affect the results. Finally, extrapolation of data to humans is difficult due to differences in species-specific metabolic features.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study showed that aluminum hydroxide causes dose-dependent toxic effects by disrupting trace element homeostasis and altering gene expression, including metallothioneins and ZIP. These results highlight the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of intoxication and develop preventive strategies to protect the body.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology of Rospotrebnadzor (protocol No.02–04 of 18.04.2024), and was conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Usmanova E.N. – study concept and design, material collection and data processing, chemical analysis, writing the text; Karimov D.O. – study concept and design, editing, statistical processing;Daukaev R.A. – material collection and data processing, literature data collection; Valova Ya.V. – genetic analysis, editing; Smolyankin D.A. – study design, seeding, material collection; Karimov D.D. – animal care; Adieva G.F. – literature data collection and results processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgment</title><p>Acknowledgment. The study was carried out within the framework of the industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing for 2021–2025 “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, R &amp; D “Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of the impact of toxic metals on the body and the development of preventive measures”, registration No. 223122100004-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: October 17, 2024 / Accepted: December 3, 2024 / Published: April 30, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>алюминий</kwd><kwd>эссенциальные элементы</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>гомеостаз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aluminum</kwd><kwd>essential elements</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>homeostasis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashkenazi D. 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