medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-5-615-620xpghfpmedlit-4929Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ПИТАНИЯFOOD HYGIENEК вопросу гигиенического нормирования в пищевой продукции остаточных количеств антибактериальных препаратов ветеринарного назначения (систематический обзор)On the issue of hygienic regulation of residual quantities of antibacterial drugs for veterinary use in food products (systematic review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145ЗайцеваНина ВладимировнаZaitsevaNina V.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the RAS, Scientific Director of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru

znv@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5171-3105ШурПавел ЗалмановичShurPavel Z.

Доктор мед. наук, гл. науч. сотр., учёный секретарь ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН» Роспотребнадзора, 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: shur@fcrisk.ru

DSc (Medicine), leading researcher, Secretary of the Academic Council, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: shur@fcrisk.ru

shur@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0259-5509ЗеленкинСергей ЕвгеньевичZelenkinSergey E.

Науч. сотр. отд. анализа риска здоровью ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН» Роспотребнадзора, 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: zelenkin@fcrisk.ru

Researcher of the Health risk analysis department, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: zelenkin@fcrisk.ru

zelenkin@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-2650СуворовДмитрий ВладимировичSuvorovDmitrii V.

Науч. сотр. отд. анализа риска здоровью ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН» Роспотребнадзора, 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: suvorov@fcrisk.ru

Researcher of the Health risk analysis department, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: suvorov@fcrisk.ru

suvorov@fcrisk.ruФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» РоспотребнадзораРоссияFederal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management TechnologiesRussian Federation2025270620251045615620Copyright © Зайцева Н.В., Шур П.З., Зеленкин С.Е., Суворов Д.В., 20252025Зайцева Н.В., Шур П.З., Зеленкин С.Е., Суворов Д.В.Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Zelenkin S.E., Suvorov D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4929

Широкое использование в сельском хозяйстве и животноводстве антибактериальных ветеринарных препаратов приводит к накоплению их остатков в пищевых продуктах. Ключевым аспектом обеспечения безопасности пищевой продукции является гигиеническое нормирование остатков ветеринарных препаратов по критериям допустимого риска для здоровья. Антибактериальные препараты оказывают токсическое действие, нарушают микробиоту кишечника и способствуют формированию антибиотикорезистентности. Актуальным является системный обзор критериев установления допустимых суточных доз (ДСД) ветеринарных препаратов – основы для разработки максимально допустимых уровней их содержания в пище.

Цель исследования – анализ существующих методических подходов и критериев обоснования гигиенических нормативов остаточных количеств антибактериальных ветеринарных препаратов в пищевых продуктах.

Выполнен систематический обзор литературных источников (PRISMA) с оценкой подходов к установлению ДСД, рассматривающих токсикологические и микробиологические аспекты, а также формирование резистентных штаммов микроорганизмов. Для негативного действия ветеринарных препаратов, связанного с токсическим действием и угнетением микрофлоры кишечника, разработаны критерии ДСД. Эти критерии заключаются в установлении уровней, не действующих на макроорганизм (NOAEL, BMD), и минимальных ингибирующих концентраций для микроорганизмов. Анализ рекомендованных разработанных ДСД выявил, что ДСД многих ветеринарных препаратов определены с учётом лимитирующего критерия, однако из-за отсутствия методического подхода риск формирования антибиотикорезистентности при разработке ДСД не учитывался.

Заключение

Заключение. Для установления ДСД и дальнейшего гигиенического нормирования необходимо исследовать все аспекты негативного действия ветеринарных препаратов с установлением отправных точек. Целесообразно обосновывать норматив на основе лимитирующего показателя вредности, выраженного в виде минимальной величины ДСД из всех критериев).

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Зайцева Н.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста; Шур П.З. – концепция и дизайн исследования, анализ и интерпретация результатов, написание текста; Зеленкин С.Е., Суворов Д.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор данных, анализ и интерпретация результатов, написание текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Поступила

Поступила: 19.02.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 17.03.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.03.2025 / Опубликована: 27.06.2025

The widespread use of antibacterial veterinary drugs in agriculture and animal husbandry leads to the accumulation of their residues in food products. Hygienic rationing of veterinary drug residues according to the criteria of acceptable health risk is a key aspect of food safety. Antibacterial drugs have an adverse toxic effect, cause disturbances in the gut microbiota, and contribute to the formation of antibiotic resistance. A systematic review of the criteria used to establish acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of veterinary drugs as the basis for the development of maximum permissible levels of their content in food – is relevant.

Objective of the study is the analysis of existing methodological approaches and criteria for justification of hygienic standards of residues of antibacterial veterinary drugs in food products.

A systematic review of literature sources (PRISMA) was carried out to evaluate approaches to the establishment of ADI, considering toxicological and microbiological aspects, as well as the formation of resistant strains of microorganisms. Criteria for establishing ADI have been developed for the adverse effects of veterinary drugs related to toxic effects and suppression of gut microflora. These criteria consist of establishing non-action levels on the macroorganism (NOAEL, BMD) and minimum inhibitory concentrations for microorganisms. Analysis of the recommended developed ADIs revealed many veterinary medicinal products ADIs to have been developed taking into account the limiting criterion. However, due to the lack of a methodological approach, the risk of antibiotic resistance formation was not taken into account in the development of ADIs.

Conclusion

Conclusion. to establish ADI and further hygienic standardization, it is necessary to investigate all aspects of the advers effects of veterinary drugs with the establishment of starting points. It is advisable to justify the standard on the basis of the limiting indicator of harmfulness (expressed as the minimum value of the ADI of all criteria).

Contribution

Contribution: Zaitseva N.V. – study concept and design, writing text; Shur P.Z. – study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of results, writing text; Zelenkin S.E., Suvorov D.V. – study concept and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, writing text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: February 19, 2025 / Revised: March 17, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025

ветеринарные препаратыантибиотикиBMDNOAELрезистентностьMIC50лимитирующий показатель вредностисистематический обзорveterinary drugsantibioticsBMDNOAELresistanceMIC50limiting harmfulness indicatorsystematic reviewReferencesОрганизация Объединенных наций. Цели в области устойчивого развития. Доступно: https://un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ru/sustainable-development-goals/United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals. Available at: https://un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ru/sustainable-development-goals/ (in Russian)Rafiq K., Tofazzal Hossain M., Ahmed R., Hasan M.M., Islam R., Hossen M.I., et al. Role of different growth enhancers as alternative to in-feed antibiotics in poultry industry. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022; 8: 794588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.794588Rafiq K., Tofazzal Hossain M., Ahmed R., Hasan M.M., Islam R., Hossen M.I., et al. Role of different growth enhancers as alternative to in-feed antibiotics in poultry industry. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022; 8: 794588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.794588Минаева Л.П., Шевелева С.А. Антибиотики в сельском хозяйстве как фактор формирования антимикробной резистентности и источник контаминации пищевой продукции. Успехи медицинской микологии. 2019; (20): 441–4. https://elibrary.ru/pcopklMinaeva L.P., Sheveleva S.A. Antibiotics in agriculture as a factor in the formation of antimicrobial resistance and a source of food contamination. Uspekhi meditsinskoi mikologii. 2019; (20): 441–4. https://elibrary.ru/pcopkl (in Russian)Philpot W.N. Influence of subclinical mastitis on milk production and milk composition. J. Dairy Sci. 1967; 50(6): 978.Philpot W.N. Influence of subclinical mastitis on milk production and milk composition. J. Dairy Sci. 1967; 50(6): 978.Jones G.M., Seymour E.H. Cowside antibiotic residue testing. J. Dairy Sci. 1988; 71(6): 1691–9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79734-9Jones G.M., Seymour E.H. Cowside antibiotic residue testing. J. Dairy Sci. 1988; 71(6): 1691–9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79734-9Dewdney J.M., Maes L., Raynaud J.P., Blanc F., Scheid J.P., Jackson T., et al. Risk assessment of antibiotic residues of beta-lactams and macrolides in food products with regard to their immuno-allergic potential. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1991; 29(7): 477–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(91)90095-oDewdney J.M., Maes L., Raynaud J.P., Blanc F., Scheid J.P., Jackson T., et al. Risk assessment of antibiotic residues of beta-lactams and macrolides in food products with regard to their immuno-allergic potential. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1991; 29(7): 477–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(91)90095-oDayan A.D. Allergy to antimicrobial residues in food: assessment of the risk to man. Vet. Microbiol. 1993; 35(3–4): 213–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(93)90146-xDayan A.D. Allergy to antimicrobial residues in food: assessment of the risk to man. Vet. Microbiol. 1993; 35(3–4): 213–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(93)90146-xWaltner-Toews D., McEwen S.A. Residues of antibacterial and antiparasitic drugs in foods of animal origin: a risk assessment. Prev. Vet. Med. 1994; 20(3): 219–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(94)90084-1Waltner-Toews D., McEwen S.A. Residues of antibacterial and antiparasitic drugs in foods of animal origin: a risk assessment. Prev. Vet. Med. 1994; 20(3): 219–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(94)90084-1Granowitz E.V., Brown R.B. Antibiotic adverse reactions and drug interactions. Crit. Care Clin. 2008; 24(2): 421–42, xi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2007.12.011Granowitz E.V., Brown R.B. Antibiotic adverse reactions and drug interactions. Crit. Care Clin. 2008; 24(2): 421–42, xi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2007.12.011Padol A.R., Malapure C.D., Domple V.D., Kamdi B.P. Occurrence, public health implications and detection of antibacterial drug residues in cow milk. Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech. 2015; 10(2015): 7–28.Padol A.R., Malapure C.D., Domple V.D., Kamdi B.P. Occurrence, public health implications and detection of antibacterial drug residues in cow milk. Environ. We Int. J. Sci. Tech. 2015; 10(2015): 7–28.Gutierrez A., Elez M., Clermont O., Denamur E., Matic I. Escherichia coli YafP protein modulates DNA damaging property of the nitroaromatic compounds. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011; 39(10): 4192–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr050Gutierrez A., Elez M., Clermont O., Denamur E., Matic I. Escherichia coli YafP protein modulates DNA damaging property of the nitroaromatic compounds. Nucleic Acids Res. 2011; 39(10): 4192–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr050Etminan M., Forooghian F., Brophy J.M., Bird S.T., Maberley D. Oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment. JAMA. 2012; 307(13): 1414–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.383Etminan M., Forooghian F., Brophy J.M., Bird S.T., Maberley D. Oral fluoroquinolones and the risk of retinal detachment. JAMA. 2012; 307(13): 1414–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.383Ma F., Xu S., Tang Z., Li Z., Zhang L. Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans. Biosafety and Health. 2021; 3(1): 32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.004Ma F., Xu S., Tang Z., Li Z., Zhang L. Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans. Biosafety and Health. 2021; 3(1): 32–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.004Шульга Н.Н., Шульга И.С., Плавшак Л.П. К проблеме антибиотиков в продуктах животноводства. Дальневосточный аграрный вестник. 2017; (4): 150–6. https://elibrary.ru/yqxndlShulga N.N., Shulga I.S., Plavshak L.P. Re: antibiotics in livestock products. Dal’nevostochnyi agrarnyi vestnik. 2017; (4): 150–6. https://elibrary.ru/yqxndl (in Russian)Boobis A., Cerniglia C., Chicoine A., Fattori V., Lipp M., Reuss R., et al. Characterizing chronic and acute health risks of residues of veterinary drugs in food: latest methodological developments by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2017; 47(10): 885–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2017.1340259Boobis A., Cerniglia C., Chicoine A., Fattori V., Lipp M., Reuss R., et al. Characterizing chronic and acute health risks of residues of veterinary drugs in food: latest methodological developments by the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2017; 47(10): 885–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2017.1340259Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71Page M.J., McKenzie J.E., Bossuyt P.M., Boutron I., Hoffmann T.C., Mulrow C.D., et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71Lee M.H., Lee H.J., Ryu P.D. Public health risks: Chemical and antibiotic residues – review. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2001; 14(3): 402–13. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.402Lee M.H., Lee H.J., Ryu P.D. Public health risks: Chemical and antibiotic residues – review. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 2001; 14(3): 402–13. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.402Crump K.S. A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984; 4(5): 854–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(84)90107-6Crump K.S. A new method for determining allowable daily intakes. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984; 4(5): 854–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-0590(84)90107-6Hardy A., Benford D., Halldorsson T., Jeger M.J., Knutsen K.H., More S., et al. Update: use of the benchmark dose approach in risk assessment. EFSA J. 2017; 15(1): e04658. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4658Hardy A., Benford D., Halldorsson T., Jeger M.J., Knutsen K.H., More S., et al. Update: use of the benchmark dose approach in risk assessment. EFSA J. 2017; 15(1): e04658. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4658Gaylor D.W. The use of safety factors for controlling risk. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1983; 11(3): 329–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398309530346Gaylor D.W. The use of safety factors for controlling risk. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 1983; 11(3): 329–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398309530346Kimmel C.A., Gaylor D.W. Issues in qualitative and quantitative risk analysis for developmental toxicology. Risk Anal. 1988; 8(1): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01149.xKimmel C.A., Gaylor D.W. Issues in qualitative and quantitative risk analysis for developmental toxicology. Risk Anal. 1988; 8(1): 15–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1988.tb01149.xLeisenring W., Ryan L. Statistical properties of the NOAEL. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1992; 15(2 Pt. 1): 161–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90047-dLeisenring W., Ryan L. Statistical properties of the NOAEL. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1992; 15(2 Pt. 1): 161–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2300(92)90047-dBenchmark Dose Technical Guidance (EPA/100/R-12/001). Washington; 2012. Available at: https://epa.gov/risk/benchmark-dose-technical-guidanceBenchmark Dose Technical Guidance (EPA/100/R-12/001). Washington; 2012. Available at: https://epa.gov/risk/benchmark-dose-technical-guidanceZaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kamaltdinov M.R. Methodological approaches to the verification of hygienic standards using health risk criteria. Health Risk Analysis. 2014; (3): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2014.3.02.engZaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kamaltdinov M.R. Methodological approaches to the verification of hygienic standards using health risk criteria. Health Risk Analysis. 2014; (3): 19–25. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2014.3.02.engWHO Report Series, N888. Toxicology monograph. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42182/1/WHO_TRS_888.pdfWHO Report Series, N888. Toxicology monograph. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42182/1/WHO_TRS_888.pdfYujie Ben, Min Hu, Xingyue Zhang, Shimin Wu, Ming Hung Wong, Mingyu Wang et.al. Efficient detection and assessment of human exposure to trace antibiotic residues in drinking water. Water Research. 2020; 175: 115699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115699Yujie Ben, Min Hu, Xingyue Zhang, Shimin Wu, Ming Hung Wong, Mingyu Wang et.al. Efficient detection and assessment of human exposure to trace antibiotic residues in drinking water. Water Research. 2020; 175: 115699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115699Nair R.S., Stevens M.W., Martens M.A., Ekuta J. Comparison of BMD with NOAEL and LOAEL values derived from subchronic toxicity studies. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1995; 17: 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79451-3_5Nair R.S., Stevens M.W., Martens M.A., Ekuta J. Comparison of BMD with NOAEL and LOAEL values derived from subchronic toxicity studies. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl. 1995; 17: 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79451-3_5Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drugs in human food: general approach to establish a microbiological ADI. (GL-36). Belgium; 2012.Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drugs in human food: general approach to establish a microbiological ADI. (GL-36). Belgium; 2012.Silley P. Impact of antimicrobial residues on gut communities: are the new regulations effective? J. Appl. Microbiol. 2007; 102(5): 1220–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03288.xSilley P. Impact of antimicrobial residues on gut communities: are the new regulations effective? J. Appl. Microbiol. 2007; 102(5): 1220–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03288.xFood and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Dose–response assessment and derivation of health-based guidance values. In: World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. 2020; (5–1): 5–115. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/food-safety/publications/chapter5-dose-response.pdf?sfvrsn=32edc2c6_5Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Dose–response assessment and derivation of health-based guidance values. In: World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. 2020; (5–1): 5–115. Available at: https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/food-safety/publications/chapter5-dose-response.pdf?sfvrsn=32edc2c6_5Онищенко Г.Г., Шевелева С.А., Хотимченко С.А. Гигиеническое обоснование допустимых уровней антибиотиков тетрациклиновой группы в пищевой продукции. Гигиена и санитария. 2012; 91(6): 4–14. https://elibrary.ru/pwktgrOnishchenko G.G., Sheveleva S.A., Khotimchenko S.A. Hygienic substantiation of the permissible levels for tetracycline-group antibiotics in food. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2012; 91(6): 4–14. https://elibrary.ru/pwktgr (in Russian)Nouws J.F., Kuiper H., van Klingeren B., Kruyswijk P.G. Establishment of a microbiologically acceptable daily intake of antimicrobial drug residues. Vet. Q. 1994; 16(3): 152–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1994.9694439Nouws J.F., Kuiper H., van Klingeren B., Kruyswijk P.G. Establishment of a microbiologically acceptable daily intake of antimicrobial drug residues. Vet. Q. 1994; 16(3): 152–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1994.9694439Guidance document for the establishment of Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) for veterinary drug residues in food. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2017.Guidance document for the establishment of Acute Reference Dose (ARfD) for veterinary drug residues in food. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2017.Сперанская В.Г., Федоренко Е.В. Вопросы нормирования антибактериальных препаратов в пищевой продукции. В кн.: Здоровье и окружающая среда: сборник материалов международной научно-практической конференции. Минск; 2018: 30–3. https://elibrary.ru/yuubwpSperanskaya V.G., Fedorenko E.V. Issues of rationing of antibacterials in food products. In: Health and Environment: Collection of Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference [Zdorov’e i okruzhayushchaya sreda: sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii]. Minsk; 2018: 30–3. https://elibrary.ru/yuubwp (in Russian)Cerniglia C.E., Pineiro S.A., Kotarski S.F. An update discussion on the current assessment of the safety of veterinary antimicrobial drug residues in food with regard to their impact on the human intestinal microbiome. Drug Test. Anal. 2016; 8(5–6): 539–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2024Cerniglia C.E., Pineiro S.A., Kotarski S.F. An update discussion on the current assessment of the safety of veterinary antimicrobial drug residues in food with regard to their impact on the human intestinal microbiome. Drug Test. Anal. 2016; 8(5–6): 539–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2024Ben Y., Hu M., Zhang X., Wu S., Wong M.H., Wang M., et al. Efficient detection and assessment of human exposure to trace antibiotic residues in drinking water. Water Res. 2020; 175: 115699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115699Ben Y., Hu M., Zhang X., Wu S., Wong M.H., Wang M., et al. Efficient detection and assessment of human exposure to trace antibiotic residues in drinking water. Water Res. 2020; 175: 115699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115699Guideline on the approach to establish a pharmacological ADI. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Available at: https://preview-assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/49d837e7-4c3e-0071-59f0-cb4344fbf121/d8905e80-f226-4d53-b9f1-f5cde1e2cf6d/WC500120832.pdfGuideline on the approach to establish a pharmacological ADI. European Medicines Agency (EMA). Available at: https://preview-assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/49d837e7-4c3e-0071-59f0-cb4344fbf121/d8905e80-f226-4d53-b9f1-f5cde1e2cf6d/WC500120832.pdfШевелева С.А., Хотимченко С.А., Минаева Л.П., Смотрина Ю.В. Минорные количества антибиотиков в пищевых продуктах: в чем риски для потребителей. Вопросы питания. 2021; 90(3): 50–7. https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-3-50-57 https://elibrary.ru/jkycgaSheveleva S.A., Khotimchenko S.A., Minaeva L.P., Smotrina Yu.V. Minor antibiotics residues in food: what are the risks for consumers. Voprosy pitaniya. 2021; 90(3): 50–7. https://doi.org/10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-3-50-57 https://elibrary.ru/jkycga (in Russian)Admassie M. Current review on molecular and phenotypic mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotic. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2018; 7(2): 13–9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20180702.11Admassie M. Current review on molecular and phenotypic mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotic. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2018; 7(2): 13–9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20180702.11Chereau F., Opatowski L., Tourdjman M., Vong S. Risk assessment for antibiotic resistance in South East Asia. BMJ. 2017; 358: j3393. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3393Chereau F., Opatowski L., Tourdjman M., Vong S. Risk assessment for antibiotic resistance in South East Asia. BMJ. 2017; 358: j3393. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j3393Ben Y., Fu C., Hu M., Liu L., Wong M.H., Zheng C. Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: A review. Environ. Res. 2019; 169: 483–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.040Ben Y., Fu C., Hu M., Liu L., Wong M.H., Zheng C. Human health risk assessment of antibiotic resistance associated with antibiotic residues in the environment: A review. Environ. Res. 2019; 169: 483–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.040Niegowska M., Wögerbauer M. Improving the risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) along the food/feed chain and from environmental reservoirs using qMRA and probabilistic modelling. EFSA J. 2022; 20(Suppl. 1): e200407. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200407Niegowska M., Wögerbauer M. Improving the risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) along the food/feed chain and from environmental reservoirs using qMRA and probabilistic modelling. EFSA J. 2022; 20(Suppl. 1): e200407. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200407Klein E.Y., Tseng K.K., Pant S., Laxminarayan R. Tracking global trends in the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy using the Drug Resistance Index. BMJ Glob. Health. 2019; 4(2): e001315. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001315Klein E.Y., Tseng K.K., Pant S., Laxminarayan R. Tracking global trends in the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy using the Drug Resistance Index. BMJ Glob. Health. 2019; 4(2): e001315. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001315Li X., Liang B., Xu D., Wu C., Li J., Zheng Y. Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment models and database system for animal-derived pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9(11): 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110829Li X., Liang B., Xu D., Wu C., Li J., Zheng Y. Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment models and database system for animal-derived pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020; 9(11): 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110829Vandenbroucke-Grauls C.M.J.E., Kahlmeter G., Kluytmans J., Kluytmans-van den Bergh M., Monnet D.L., Simonsen G.S., et al. The proposed Drug Resistance Index (DRI) is not a good measure of antibiotic effectiveness in relation to drug resistance. BMJ Glob. Health. 2019; 4(4): e001838. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001838Vandenbroucke-Grauls C.M.J.E., Kahlmeter G., Kluytmans J., Kluytmans-van den Bergh M., Monnet D.L., Simonsen G.S., et al. The proposed Drug Resistance Index (DRI) is not a good measure of antibiotic effectiveness in relation to drug resistance. BMJ Glob. Health. 2019; 4(4): e001838. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001838Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kiryanov D.A., Kamaltdinov M.R. Human health hazards associated with tetracycline drugs residues in food. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2014; 2(8): 488–95.Zaitseva N.V., Shur P.Z., Atiskova N.G., Kiryanov D.A., Kamaltdinov M.R. Human health hazards associated with tetracycline drugs residues in food. Int. J. Adv. Res. 2014; 2(8): 488–95.Wouters M.F.A., van Koten-Vermeulen J.E.M., van Leeuwen F.X.R. Toxicity data for chlortetracycline and tetracycline; 2019. Available at: https://inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v36je06.htmWouters M.F.A., van Koten-Vermeulen J.E.M., van Leeuwen F.X.R. Toxicity data for chlortetracycline and tetracycline; 2019. Available at: https://inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v36je06.htm

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.