<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-5-648-654</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">egjmic</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4934</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экспериментальная оценка комбинированного действия химических веществ на основе квантификации белков плазмы крови</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Experimental evaluation of combined effect of chemical substances on the base of quantification of blood plasma proteins</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-3059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пескова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Peskova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант, мл. науч. сотр. отд. биохимических и цитогенетических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: peskova@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student, junior researcher, Department of biochemical and cytogenetic diagnostic methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: peskova@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">peskova@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>648</fpage><lpage>654</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пескова Е.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пескова Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Peskova E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4934">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4934</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Современные методы оценки комбинированного действия химических веществ предполагают математическую обработку данных, не учитывающую изменения на молекулярном уровне.</p><p>Цель исследования – оценка комбинированного действия химических веществ с применением квантификации белков плазмы крови биологической модели на примере оксида алюминия, фторида водорода и бенз(а)пирена.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методами химико-аналитического, статистического, протеомного и биоинформационного анализа проведена оценка комбинированного действия химических веществ в эксперименте на крысах линии Wistar.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При комбинированном действии оксида алюминия, фторида водорода и бенз(а)пирена происходят нарушения на молекулярном уровне, в том числе активация окислительного стресса, изменения регуляции внутриклеточных процессов, подавление активности цикла и функций клетки. Комбинированное действие изучаемых веществ по критерию изменения экспрессии белков оценено как синергетическое. Это указывает на усиление эффекта при совместном действии оксида алюминия, фторида водорода и бенз(а)пирена относительно их изолированной экспозиции.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Проведённое исследование не позволяет сделать окончательных выводов об особенностях комбинированного действия изучаемых химических веществ, поскольку используемый метод имеет ограничения по количеству идентифицируемых белков.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Установленные молекулярные эффекты комбинированного действия изучаемых химических веществ (преимущественно синергетического характера) расширяют теоретические представления о механизмах их токсичности, подходах к раннему выявлению и обоснованию мер профилактики риск-индуцированных нарушений здоровья человека.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Экспериментальные исследования на биологической модели проведены с соблюдением требований Европейской конвенции по защите позвоночных животных, используемых в экспериментальных или в иных научных целях (ETS № 123). Исследования одобрены Комитетом по биомедицинской этике ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН» (протокол заседания № 1 от 4.02.2021 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Автор декларирует отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено за счёт средств федерального бюджета.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 20.02.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 13.03.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.03.2025 / Опубликована: 27.06.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Modern methods for assessing the combined effects of chemicals include mathematical processing of data that does not take into account changes at the molecular level.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to evaluate the combined effect of chemicals based on the quantification of blood plasma proteins in a biological model (using the example of aluminum oxide, hydrogen fluoride, and benzo(a)pyrene)</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Using chemical-analytical, statistical, proteomic, and bioinformatic analysis methods, an assessment of the combined effect of chemical substances was carried out in an experiment on Wistar rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The combined action of aluminum oxide, hydrogen fluoride, and benz(a)pyrene causes disturbances at the molecular level, including activation of oxidative stress, changes in the regulation of intracellular processes, suppression of the activity of the cycle and cell functions. The combined action of the substances studied according to the criterion of changes in protein expression is assessed as synergistic. This indicates to an increase in the effect of the combined action of aluminum oxide, hydrogen fluoride, and benz(a)pyrene relative to their isolated exposure.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The conducted study does not allow drawing final conclusions about the specifics of the combined action of the studied chemicals, since the method used has limitations in the number of identified proteins.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The established molecular effects of the combined action of the studied chemical substances (mainly of a synergistic nature) expand theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of their toxicity, approaches to early detection, and justification of measures to prevent risk-induced human health disorders.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. Experimental studies on a biological model were carried out in compliance with the requirements of the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123). The studies were approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (minutes of meeting No. 1 of 04.02.2021).</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: February 20, 2025 / Revised:  March 13, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>протеомный профиль</kwd><kwd>комбинированная экспозиция</kwd><kwd>биологическая модель</kwd><kwd>биоинформационный анализ</kwd><kwd>негативные эффекты</kwd><kwd>профилактика риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>proteomic profile</kwd><kwd>combined exposure</kwd><kwd>biological model</kwd><kwd>bioinformatics analysis</kwd><kwd>adverse effects</kwd><kwd>risk prevention</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cote I., Andersen M.E., Ankley G.T., Barone S., Birnbaum L.S., Boekelheide K., et al. The next generation of risk assessment multi-year study-highlights of findings, applications to risk assessment, and future directions. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016; 124(11): 1671–82. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP233 2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cote I., Andersen M.E., Ankley G.T., Barone S., Birnbaum L.S., Boekelheide K., et al. The next generation of risk assessment multi-year study-highlights of findings, applications to risk assessment, and future directions. Environ. Health Perspect. 2016; 124(11): 1671–82. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP233 2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sturla S.J., Boobis A.R., FitzGerald R.E., Hoeng J., Kavlock R.J., Schirmer K., et al. Systems toxicology: from basic research to risk assessment. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2014; 27(3): 314–29. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx400410s</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sturla S.J., Boobis A.R., FitzGerald R.E., Hoeng J., Kavlock R.J., Schirmer K., et al. Systems toxicology: from basic research to risk assessment. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2014; 27(3): 314–29. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx400410s</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson N.L., Anderson N.G. The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol. Cell Proteomics. 2002; 1(11): 845–67. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.r200007-mcp200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson N.L., Anderson N.G. The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol. Cell Proteomics. 2002; 1(11): 845–67. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.r200007-mcp200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corzett T.H., Fodor I.K., Choi M.W., Walsworth V.L., Turteltaub K.W., McCutchen-Maloney S.L., et al. Statistical analysis of variation in the human plasma proteome. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010; 2010: 258494. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/258494</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corzett T.H., Fodor I.K., Choi M.W., Walsworth V.L., Turteltaub K.W., McCutchen-Maloney S.L., et al. Statistical analysis of variation in the human plasma proteome. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010; 2010: 258494. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/258494</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Долгих О.В. Геномные, транскриптомные и протеомные технологии как современный инструмент диагностики нарушений здоровья, ассоциированных с воздействием факторов окружающей среды. Гигиена и санитария. 2020; 99(1): 6–12. https://elibrary.ru/pipsea</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Zemlianova M.A., Dolgikh O.V. Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies as a modern tool for health disorders diagnostics, associated with the impact of environmental factors. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2020; 99(1): 6–12. https://elibrary.ru/pipsea (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соседова Л.М., Филиппова Т.М. Роль биомоделирования в системе химической безопасности человека. Экология человека. 2017; (7): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2017-7-46-52 https://elibrary.ru/yunopd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sosedova L.M., Filippova T.M. The role of biosimulation in human chemical safety system. Ekologiya cheloveka. 2017; (7): 46–52. https://doi.org/10.33396/1728-0869-2017-7-46-52 https://elibrary.ru/yunopd (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Землянова М.А., Пескова Е.В., Степанков М.С. Протеомное профилирование плазмы крови при хронической экспериментальной экспозиции оксидом алюминия как инструмент прогноза негативных эффектов со стороны критических органов и систем человека. Гигиена и санитария. 2023; 102(10): 1125–31. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-10-1125-1131 https://elibrary.ru/oyysbv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zemlyanova M.A., Peskova E.V., Stepankov M.S. Proteomic profiling of blood plasma in chronic experimental exposure to aluminum oxide as a tool for predicting adverse effects from critical human organs and systems. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2023; 102(10): 1125–31. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-10-1125-1131 https://elibrary.ru/oyysbv (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шекунова Е.В., Ковалева М.А., Макарова М.Н., Макаров В.Г. Выбор дозы препарата для доклинического исследования: межвидовой перенос доз. Ведомости Научного центра экспертизы средств медицинского применения. 2020; 10(1): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-19-28 https://elibrary.ru/kvzbbv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shekunova E.V., Kovaleva M.A., Makarova M.N., Makarov V.G. Dose selection in preclinical studies: cross-species dose conversion. Vedomosti Nauchnogo tsentra ekspertizy sredstv meditsinskogo primeneniya. 2020; 10(1): 19–28. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2020-10-1-19-28 https://elibrary.ru/kvzbbv (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Кольдибекова Ю.В., Кирьянов Д.А., Чигвинцев В.М. Оценка особенности комбинированного действия ряда химических веществ на основе анализа параметризованных причинно-следственных связей маркёров экспозиции и негативных эффектов и количественной оценки дополнительного риска для здоровья. Гигиена и санитария. 2023; 102(10): 1132–42. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-10-1132-1142 https://elibrary.ru/qhvjbh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Koldibekova Ju.V., Kiryanov D.A., Chigvintsev V.M. Evaluation of the peculiarity of the combined action of a number of chemicals based on the analysis of parameterized cause-effect relationships of marketers of exposure and negative effects and quantitative evaluation of additional health risk. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2023; 102(10): 1132–42. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-10-1132-1142 https://elibrary.ru/qhvjbh (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Пескова Е.В. Прогноз вероятных негативных эффектов, инициированных трансформацией протеомного профиля плазмы крови человека при комбинированном воздействии химических веществ. Гигиена и санитария. 2024; 103(5): 407–15. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-5-407-415 https://elibrary.ru/acuahh</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Peskova E.V. Forecast of probable negative effects initiated by transformation of the proteomic profile of human blood plasma under combined exposure to chemicals. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2024; 103(5): 407–15. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-5-407-415 https://elibrary.ru/acuahh (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luigi C. EEF1G (Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma). Atlas Genet. Cytogenet. Oncol. Haematol. 2020; 24(2): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/70656</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luigi C. EEF1G (Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 gamma). Atlas Genet. Cytogenet. Oncol. Haematol. 2020; 24(2): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.4267/2042/70656</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen L., Johnson R.C., Milgram S.L. P-CIP1, a novel protein that interacts with the cytosolic domain of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, is associated with endosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273(50): 33524–32. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.50.33524</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen L., Johnson R.C., Milgram S.L. P-CIP1, a novel protein that interacts with the cytosolic domain of peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, is associated with endosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 1998; 273(50): 33524–32. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.50.33524</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooke A.L., Morris J., Melchior J.T., Street S.E., Jerome W.G., Huang R., et al. A thumbwheel mechanism for APOA1 activation of LCAT activity in HDL. J. Lipid. Res. 2018; 59(7): 1244–55. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M085332</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooke A.L., Morris J., Melchior J.T., Street S.E., Jerome W.G., Huang R., et al. A thumbwheel mechanism for APOA1 activation of LCAT activity in HDL. J. Lipid. Res. 2018; 59(7): 1244–55. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M085332</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo Q., Zhang C., Wang Y. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocytes. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1): 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0497-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo Q., Zhang C., Wang Y. Overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatocytes. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1): 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0497-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X., Masliah E., Reixach N., Buxbaum J.N. Neuronal production of transthyretin in human and murine Alzheimer’s disease: is it protective? J. Neurosci. 2011; 31(35): 12483–90. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2417-11.2011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X., Masliah E., Reixach N., Buxbaum J.N. Neuronal production of transthyretin in human and murine Alzheimer’s disease: is it protective? J. Neurosci. 2011; 31(35): 12483–90. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2417-11.2011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dehaene H., Praz V., Lhôte P., Lopes M., Herr W. THAP11F80L cobalamin disorder-associated mutation reveals normal and pathogenic THAP11 functions in gene expression and cell proliferation. PLoS One. 2020; 15(1): e0224646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224646</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dehaene H., Praz V., Lhôte P., Lopes M., Herr W. THAP11F80L cobalamin disorder-associated mutation reveals normal and pathogenic THAP11 functions in gene expression and cell proliferation. PLoS One. 2020; 15(1): e0224646. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224646</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahidi M. Thrombosis and von Willebrand Factor. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017; 906: 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_122</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahidi M. Thrombosis and von Willebrand Factor. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017; 906: 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_122</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun W., Tian B.X., Wang S.H., Liu P.J., Wang Y.C. The function of SEC22B and its role in human diseases. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2020; 77(8): 303–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.21628</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun W., Tian B.X., Wang S.H., Liu P.J., Wang Y.C. The function of SEC22B and its role in human diseases. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2020; 77(8): 303–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/cm.21628</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antinucci P., Suleyman O., Monfries C., Hindges R. Neural mechanisms generating orientation selectivity in the retina. Curr. Biol. 2016; 26(14): 1802–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.035</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antinucci P., Suleyman O., Monfries C., Hindges R. Neural mechanisms generating orientation selectivity in the retina. Curr. Biol. 2016; 26(14): 1802–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.035</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pal P., Jha N.K., Pal D., Jha S.K., Anand U., Gopalakrishnan A.V., et al. Molecular basis of fluoride toxicities: Beyond benefits and implications in human disorders. Genes Dis. 2022; 10(4): 1470–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2022.09.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pal P., Jha N.K., Pal D., Jha S.K., Anand U., Gopalakrishnan A.V., et al. Molecular basis of fluoride toxicities: Beyond benefits and implications in human disorders. Genes Dis. 2022; 10(4): 1470–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2022.09.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Exley C. Human exposure to aluminium. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts. 2013; 15(10): 1807–16. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00374d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Exley C. Human exposure to aluminium. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts. 2013; 15(10): 1807–16. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3em00374d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohsaka Y., Nomura Y. Rat white adipocytes activate p85/p110 PI3K and induce PM GLUT4 in response to adrenoceptor agonists or aluminum fluoride. Physiol. Int. 2016; 103(1): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1556/036.103.2016.1.4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohsaka Y., Nomura Y. Rat white adipocytes activate p85/p110 PI3K and induce PM GLUT4 in response to adrenoceptor agonists or aluminum fluoride. Physiol. Int. 2016; 103(1): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1556/036.103.2016.1.4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duan J., Chen C., Li H., Ju G., Gao A., Sun Y., et al. Multifaceted protective effects of hesperidin by aromatic hydrocarbon receptor in endothelial cell injury induced by benzo[a]pyrene. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3): 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030574</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duan J., Chen C., Li H., Ju G., Gao A., Sun Y., et al. Multifaceted protective effects of hesperidin by aromatic hydrocarbon receptor in endothelial cell injury induced by benzo[a]pyrene. Nutrients. 2022; 14(3): 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030574</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Madeen E., Siddens L.K., Uesugi S., McQuistan T., Corley R.A., Smith J., et al. Toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans: Extensive metabolism as determined by UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral micro-dosing. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2019; 364: 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.010</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Madeen E., Siddens L.K., Uesugi S., McQuistan T., Corley R.A., Smith J., et al. Toxicokinetics of benzo[a]pyrene in humans: Extensive metabolism as determined by UPLC-accelerator mass spectrometry following oral micro-dosing. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2019; 364: 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.010</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salem M.L., El-Ashmawy N.E., Abd El-Fattah E.E., Khedr E.G. Immunosuppressive role of Benzo[a]pyrene in induction of lung cancer in mice. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2021; 333: 109330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salem M.L., El-Ashmawy N.E., Abd El-Fattah E.E., Khedr E.G. Immunosuppressive role of Benzo[a]pyrene in induction of lung cancer in mice. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2021; 333: 109330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
