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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-5-663-669</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ezmjmq</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-4936</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние гидроксида алюминия на формирование нефротоксических эффектов у крыс при пероральном поступлении</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The effect of aluminum hydroxide on the formation of nephrotoxic effects in rats under oral administration</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валова</surname><given-names>Яна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valova</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Q.juk@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Head of the Genetics Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, 450106, Ufa, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Q.juk@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Q.juk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7321-0864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>Алина Анваровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: alinagisa@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: alinagisa@yandex.ru </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alinagisa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Head of the Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lich-tsar@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lich-tsar@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lich-tsar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-4990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадеев</surname><given-names>Айдар Ринатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadiev</surname><given-names>Aidar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgaar87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-0846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репина</surname><given-names>Эльвира Фаридовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repina</surname><given-names>Elvira F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, 450106, Ufa, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.f.repina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смолянкин</surname><given-names>Денис Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolyankin</surname><given-names>Denis A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2092-1021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудояров</surname><given-names>Эльдар Ринатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudoyarov</surname><given-names>Eldar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Animal Clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>663</fpage><lpage>669</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Валова Я.В., Гизатуллина А.А., Рябова Ю.В., Каримов Д.Д., Ахмадеев А.Р., Репина Э.Ф., Смолянкин Д.А., Кудояров Э.Р., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Валова Я.В., Гизатуллина А.А., Рябова Ю.В., Каримов Д.Д., Ахмадеев А.Р., Репина Э.Ф., Смолянкин Д.А., Кудояров Э.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Valova Y.V., Gizatullina A.A., Ryabova Y.V., Karimov D.D., Akhmadiev A.R., Repina E.F., Smolyankin D.A., Kudoyarov E.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4936">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/4936</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Тяжёлые металлы относятся к наиболее опасным загрязнителям окружающей среды из-за их высокой токсичности даже в низких концентрациях и способности к биоаккумуляции.</p><p>Цель исследования заключалась в изучении нефротоксического действия алюминия при пероральном поступлении различных доз гидроксида алюминия Al(OH)3 в условиях субхронического эксперимента.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на белых аутбредных крысах обоих полов. Животные методом случайной выборки были разделены на четыре группы: контрольная группа (К) и три экспериментальные. Для оценки токсического действия металла животным экспериментальных групп 1, 2 и 3 в течение двух месяцев пять раз в неделю вводили per os раствор гидроксида алюминия в трёх рабочих дозах. Для генетических исследований использовали тотальную РНК, выделенную из образцов тканей почек. Анализ экспрессии генов выполняли методом ПЦР в реальном времени с использованием олигонуклеотидспецифических праймеров в присутствии интеркалирующего красителя SYBR Green. Биохимический и гистологический анализ проводили по стандартным методикам.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Биохимические показатели не продемонстрировали картины, характерной для поражения почек. Гистологическое исследование также не выявило выраженных дистрофических и некротических изменений почечных структур после двух месяцев интоксикации, однако анализ кратности экспрессии генов Mt1a и Mt2a установил ожидаемое повышение транскрипционной активности генов в ответ на введение гидроксида алюминия. Экспрессия гена Mt1a была повышена в 1,5 раза относительно контроля в группе с максимальной дозой токсиканта, тогда как экспрессия гена Mt2a показала большую чувствительность и демонстрировала повышение кратности в 1,4 раза уже при дозе 0,015 мг/кг, а при максимальной дозе превысила значения контроля в 2,5 раза.</p><p>Ограничения исследования обусловлены использованием в эксперименте ограниченного количества животных одного биологического вида.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют рассматривать экспрессию генов металлотионеинов как более чувствительный и ранний индикатор интоксикации металлами по сравнению с классическими методами диагностики.</p></sec><sec><title>Ключевые слова</title><p>Ключевые слова: </p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека» (протокол заседания № 01-02 от 08.02.2024 г.), проведено согласно общепринятым научным принципам в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях (ETS N 123), директивой Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского союза 2010/63/EC от 22.09.2010 г. о защите животных, использующихся для научных целей.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Валова Я.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка, написание текста; Гизатуллина А.А., Рябова Ю.В., Каримов Д.Д., Ахмадеев А.Р., Смолянкин Д.А. – сбор материала и обработка данных; Репина Э.Ф. – редактирование; Кудояров Э.Р. – статистическая обработка. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Отраслевая научно-исследовательская программа Роспотребнадзора на 2021–2025 гг. «Научное обоснование национальной системы обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, управления рисками здоровью и повышения качества жизни населения России» по теме «Экспериментальное обоснование высокочувствительных маркёров воздействия токсичных металлов на организм и разработка мер профилактики», № НИОКТР И124021200153-3.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 31.01.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.03.2025 / Опубликована: 27.06.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Heavy metals are among the most dangerous environmental pollutants primarily due to their ability to bioaccumulate and high toxicity even in low concentrations. </p><p>The aim of the study was to investigate the nephrotoxic effect of aluminum upon oral administration of aluminum hydroxide to rats in various doses under subchronic experimental conditions.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study was conducted on white outbred rats of both sexes. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (C) and 3 experimental groups. To assess the toxic effect of the metal, animals of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd experimental groups were administered aluminum hydroxide solution orally in three working doses 5 times a week for 2 months. Total RNA isolated from kidney tissue samples was used for genetic studies. Gene expression analysis was performed by real-time PCR using oligonucleotide-specific primers in the presence of the intercalating dye SYBR Green. Biochemical and histological analysis was performed using standard methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. As a result, biochemical parameters did not demonstrate a picture characteristic of kidney damage. Histological analysis also did not reveal pronounced dystrophic and necrotic changes in the renal structures after 2 months of intoxication. However, the analysis of the expression fold of the MT1a и Mt2a genes established the expected gain in the transcriptional activity of genes in response to the introduction of aluminum hydroxide. The expression of the Mt1a gene was increased by 1.5 times relative to the control in the group with the maximum dose of the toxicant. Whereas the expression of the Mt2a gene showed greater sensitivity and demonstrated a 1.4-fold increase already at a dose of 0.015 mg/kg, and at the maximum dose it exceeded the control values ​​by 2.5 times.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study was performed on a limited number of animals of one biological species.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained results allow considering the expression of metallothionein genes as a more sensitive and earlier indicator of metal intoxication compared to classical diagnostic methods.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (minutes of the meeting No. 01-02 dated 08.02.2024), conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (2013 edition).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Valova Ya.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of data, statistical processing, writing the text; Gizatullina A.A., Ryabova Yu.V., Karimov D.D., Akhmadeev A.R., Smolyankin D.A. — collection of data and data processing;Repina E.F. — editing; Kudoyarov E.R. — statistical processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing for 2021-2025 “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, on the topic: “Experimental substantiation of highly sensitive markers of the impact of toxic metals on the body and the development of preventive measures” No. NIOKTR I124021200153-3</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: January 31, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: June 27, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тяжёлые металлы</kwd><kwd>металлотионеины</kwd><kwd>гидроксид алюминия</kwd><kwd>субхроническая интоксикация</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>нефротоксичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>metallothioneins</kwd><kwd>aluminum hydroxide</kwd><kwd>subchronic intoxication</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>nephrotoxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ng C.H., Yahaya S.N.M., Majid A.A.A. 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