<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-6-772-777</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">cfjbga</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5022</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка генотоксических рисков техногенного загрязнения сельскохозяйственных почв</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of genotoxic risks of technogenic pollution of agricultural soils</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5076-5675</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атоянц</surname><given-names>Анаит Леоновна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Atoyants</surname><given-names>Anahit L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр., ЕГУ, НИИ «Биология», 0025, Ереван, Республика Армения</p><p>e-mail: a.atoyants@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Yerevan State University, Research Institute “Biology”, Yerevan, 0025, Republic of Armenia</p><p>e-mail: a.atoyants@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.atoyants@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8969-7067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авалян</surname><given-names>Римма Эдуардовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avalyan</surname><given-names>Rimma E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр., ЕГУ, НИИ «Биология», 0025, Ереван, Республика Армения</p><p>e-mail: re_avalyan@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Yerevan State University, Research Institute “Biology”, Yerevan, 0025, Republic of Armenia</p><p>e-mail: re_avalyan@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">re_avalyan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ереванский государственный университет, Научно-исследовательский институт «Биология»</institution><country>Армения</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yerevan State University, Research Institute of Biology</institution><country>Armenia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>772</fpage><lpage>777</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Атоянц А.Л., Авалян Р.Э., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Атоянц А.Л., Авалян Р.Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Atoyants A.L., Avalyan R.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5022">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5022</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Мониторинг загрязнения почвы техногенных и природных территорий – важнейшая часть системы экотоксикологического тестирования окружающей среды. В современных условиях сельскохозяйственного производства загрязнение почвы тяжёлыми металлами (ТМ) и пестицидами является актуальной проблемой, в том числе и для Армении. Тяжёлые металлы и пестициды могут разрушать экосистемы, препятствовать росту растений и оказывать пагубное воздействие на здоровье человека.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Проведено биотестирование уровня потенциальной мутагенности почвенных образцов трёх участков сельскохозяйственных угодий северо-восточных районов Армении в летний период с учётом содержания в них ТМ, металлоидов и пестицидов. Для определения генетических эффектов в почвенных образцах применяли тест на выявление соматических мутаций (Трад-ВТН) и микроядерный тест (Трад-МЯ) модельного тест-объекта традесканции (клон 02).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. По данным основных тест-критериев обоих тестов установлен максимальный уровень точковых рецессивных мутаций и частоты МЯ в почвенных пробах обработанных пестицидами участков района Личк, где их значения были выше фонового уровня в 3,6 раза по тесту Трад-МЯ и в 13,9 раза – по тесту Трад-ВТН соответственно. Показана статистически достоверная положительная корреляция между частотой микроядер и концентрацией As (p &lt; 0,01; p &lt; 0,001) в изученных почвенных образцах. Также выявлена достоверная положительная корреляция между бесцветными мутациями и невыжившими волосками в цветке традесканции и химическими веществами As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni и Zn (p &lt; 0,01; p &lt; 0,001) в исследуемых почвенных образцах.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничение исследования</title><p>Ограничение исследования. В данной работе представлены результаты определения суммарной мутагенной активности исследуемых почвенных образцов с учётом их многокомпонентного состава в системе «почва – растение».</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Рекомендуется продолжить подобные исследования с применением модельных тест-систем для выявления долгосрочных эффектов воздействия тяжёлых металлов и пестицидов на экосистемы и здоровье человека с учётом сезонных изменений.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Атоянц А.Л. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных; Авалян Р.Э. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 29.01.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.03.2025 / Опубликована: 31.07.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Monitoring of soil pollution in man-made and natural areas is an essential part of the ecotoxicological testing system for the state of the environment. In modern conditions of agricultural production, soil pollution with heavy metals (HM) and pesticides is a pressing issue, including in Armenia. HM and pesticides can destroy ecosystems, impede plant growth, and have a detrimental effect on human well-being. </p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Biotesting of the potential mutagenicity level of soil samples from three agricultural sites in the northeastern areas of Armenia was carried out in the Summer, taking into account the content of HM and pesticides in them. To determine the genetic effects in soil samples, a test for the detection of somatic mutations (Trad-SHM) and a micronucleus test (Trad-MCN) of the model test object Tradescantia (clone 02) were used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. According to the main test criteria of both assays, the maximum level of point recessive mutations and frequency of micronuclei was established in soil samples of the pesticide-treated areas of the Lichk area, where their values were 3.6 times higher than the background level according to the Trad-MCN test and 13.9 times higher according to the Trad-SHM test, respectively. A statistically significant positive correlation was shown between the frequency of micronuclei and the concentration of As (p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.001) in the studied soil samples. A significant positive correlation was also found between colorless mutations and stunted stamen hairs in the flower of Tradescantia and the chemical components As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn ( p &lt; 0.01; p &lt; 0.001) in the studied soil samples. </p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. This paper presents the results of the total mutagenic activity of the studied soil samples, taking into account their multicomponent composition in the soil-plant system.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. It is recommended to continue such studies using model test systems aimed at identifying the long-term effects of HM and pesticides on ecosystems and human health, taking into account seasonal changes.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Atoyants A.L. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material; Avalyan R.E. – the concept and design of the study, writing text, statistical processing, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: January 29, 2025 / Accepted: March 26, 2025 / Published: July 31, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>загрязнение почв</kwd><kwd>пестициды</kwd><kwd>тяжёлые металлы</kwd><kwd>традесканция (клон 02)</kwd><kwd>мутагенный потенциал</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>soil pollution</kwd><kwd>pesticides</kwd><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>Tradescantia (clone 02)</kwd><kwd>mutagenic potential</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmood I., Imadi S.R., Shazadi K., Gul A., Hakeem K.R. Effects of pesticides on the environment. In: Hakeem K., Akhtar M., Abdullah S., eds. Plant, Soil and Microbes. Cham: Springer; 2016: 253–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27455-3_13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmood I., Imadi S.R., Shazadi K., Gul A., Hakeem K.R. Effects of pesticides on the environment. In: Hakeem K., Akhtar M., Abdullah S., eds. Plant, Soil and Microbes. Cham: Springer; 2016: 253–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27455-3_13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tepanosyan G., Sahakyan L., Pipoyan D., Saghatelyan A. Risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in urban environment. In: Risk Assessment. Intech Open; 2018: 384. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70798</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tepanosyan G., Sahakyan L., Pipoyan D., Saghatelyan A. Risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in urban environment. In: Risk Assessment. Intech Open; 2018: 384. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70798</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лысов А.К. Проблемы применения средств защиты растений и пути снижения их техногенного воздействия на окружающую среду. АгроЭкоИнженерия. 2023; (3): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.24412/2713-2641-2023-3116-34-50 https://elibrary.ru/juslra</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lysov A.K. Application problems of plant protection agents and ways to reduce their anthropogenic impact on the environment. AgroEkoInzheneriya. 2023; (3): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.24412/2713-2641-2023-3116-34-50 https://elibrary.ru/juslra (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wuana R.A., Okieimen F.E. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2011; 2011(1): 402647. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wuana R.A., Okieimen F.E. Heavy metals in contaminated soils: A review of sources, chemistry, risks and best available strategies for remediation. International Scholarly Research Notices. 2011; 2011(1): 402647. https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/402647</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagajyoti P.C., Lee K.D., Sreekanth T.V.M. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants. A review. Environ. Chem. 2010; (8): 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagajyoti P.C., Lee K.D., Sreekanth T.V.M. Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants. A review. Environ. Chem. 2010; (8): 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Реутова Н.В., Реутова Т.В., Воробьева Т.И. Определение мутагенного потенциала неорганических соединений ряда тяжелых металлов. Гигиена и санитария. 2011; (5): 55–7. https://elibrary.ru/ohikmd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reutova N.V., Reutova T.V., Vorobyeva T.I. Determination of the mutagenic potential of inorganic compounds of a number of heavy metals. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2011; (5): 55–7. https://elibrary.ru/ohikmd (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riyazuddin R., Nisha N., Ejaz B., Khan M.I.R., Kumar M., Ramteke P.W., et al. A comprehensive review on the heavy metal toxicity and sequestration in plants. Biomolecules. 2021; 12(1): 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riyazuddin R., Nisha N., Ejaz B., Khan M.I.R., Kumar M., Ramteke P.W., et al. A comprehensive review on the heavy metal toxicity and sequestration in plants. Biomolecules. 2021; 12(1): 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lasat M.M. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a review of biological mechanisms. J. Environ. Qual. 2002; 31(1): 109–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lasat M.M. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a review of biological mechanisms. J. Environ. Qual. 2002; 31(1): 109–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mdeni N.L., Adeniji A.O., Okoh A.I., Okoh O.O. Analytical evaluation of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in human and environmental matrices: a review. Molecules. 2022; 27(3): 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030618</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mdeni N.L., Adeniji A.O., Okoh A.I., Okoh O.O. Analytical evaluation of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in human and environmental matrices: a review. Molecules. 2022; 27(3): 618. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030618</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hunanyan S.A. Influence of technogenic emissions on agrochemical indicators of soils in the vicinity of the Vanadzor chemical plant of the Republic of Armenia. News Agr. Sci. 2012; 10(3): 41–4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hunanyan S.A. Influence of technogenic emissions on agrochemical indicators of soils in the vicinity of the Vanadzor chemical plant of the Republic of Armenia. News Agr. Sci. 2012; 10(3): 41–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кроян С.З., Казарян У.К. Состояние основных типов почв Республики Армения в условиях изменения климата. Почвоведение и агрохимия. 2019; (1): 5–18. https://elibrary.ru/uyciny</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kroyan S.Z., Ghazaryan H.Gh. State of the main soil types in the Republic of Armenia under the conditions of climate change. Pochvovedenie i agrokhimiya. 2019; (1): 5–18. https://elibrary.ru/uyciny (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Обзор ситуации по особо опасным пестицидам (ООП) и альтернативам в Армении, «Армянские женщины за здоровье и здоровую окружающую среду». Ереван; 2020. Доступно: https://awhhe.am</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Review of the situation on highly hazardous pesticides (HHP) and alternatives in Armenia, “Armenian Women for Health and Healthy Environment” NGO, Yerevan, Armenia. 2020. Available at: www.awhhe.am (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильин И.Б. Тяжелые металлы и неметаллы в системе почва-растение. Новосибирск; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ilyin I.B. Heavy Metals and Non-Metals in the Soil-Plant System [Tyazhelye metally i nemetally v sisteme pochva-rastenie]. Novosibirsk; 2012. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Водяницкий Ю.Н. Экотоксикологическая оценка опасности тяжелых металлов и металлоидов в почве. Агрохимия. 2012; (2): 75–84. https://elibrary.ru/owxoht</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vodyanitskii Yu.N. Assessment of the ecotoxicological hazard of heavy metals and metalloids in the soil. Agrokhimiya. 2012; (2): 75–84. https://elibrary.ru/owxoht (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodríguez M.Á.R., Prieto-García F., Otazo-Sánchez E.M., Méndez J.P., Acevedo-Sandoval O.A. Genotoxicity analysis by presence of arsenic in soil: test Tradescantia micronucleus extracts by clone 4430 (trad-mcn). Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial. 2019; 17(1): 56–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodríguez M.Á.R., Prieto-García F., Otazo-Sánchez E.M., Méndez J.P., Acevedo-Sandoval O.A. Genotoxicity analysis by presence of arsenic in soil: test Tradescantia micronucleus extracts by clone 4430 (trad-mcn). Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial. 2019; 17(1): 56–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos C.F., Morelli S., De Campos Júnior E.O., Santos V.S.V., De Morais C.R., Cunha M.C., et al. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of water courses impacted by wastewater treatment effluents using micronucleus assay in plants from the species Tradescantia. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 2019; 82(13): 752–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1648345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos C.F., Morelli S., De Campos Júnior E.O., Santos V.S.V., De Morais C.R., Cunha M.C., et al. Assessment of the genotoxic potential of water courses impacted by wastewater treatment effluents using micronucleus assay in plants from the species Tradescantia. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 2019; 82(13): 752–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1648345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Перельман А.И., Касимов Н.С. Геохимия ландшафта. М.: Астерия; 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perelman A.I., Kasimov N.S. Geochemistry of Landscape [Geokhimiya landshafta]. Moscow: Asteria; 2000. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meravi N., Prajapati S.K. Genotoxicity assessment of soil contaminated by metals/metalloids using Tradescantia pallida. East African Scholars J. Agri. Life Sci. 2018; 1(1): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjals.2018.v01i01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meravi N., Prajapati S.K. Genotoxicity assessment of soil contaminated by metals/metalloids using Tradescantia pallida. East African Scholars J. Agri. Life Sci. 2018; 1(1): 17–21. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjals.2018.v01i01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizik M., Pichler C., Rainer B., Nersesyan A., Mizikova K., Knasmueller S. Micronucleus assay with tetrad cells of Tradescantia. In: Dhawan A., Bajpayee M., eds. Genotoxicity Assessment. Methods in Molecular Biology, Volume 2031. New York: Humana; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9646-9_18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizik M., Pichler C., Rainer B., Nersesyan A., Mizikova K., Knasmueller S. Micronucleus assay with tetrad cells of Tradescantia. In: Dhawan A., Bajpayee M., eds. Genotoxicity Assessment. Methods in Molecular Biology, Volume 2031. New York: Humana; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9646-9_18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma T.H., Cabrera G.L., Chen R., Gill B.S., Sandhu S.S., Vandenberg A.L., et al. Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay. Mutat. Res. 1994; 310(2): 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(94)90115-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma T.H., Cabrera G.L., Chen R., Gill B.S., Sandhu S.S., Vandenberg A.L., et al. Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay. Mutat. Res. 1994; 310(2): 221–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(94)90115-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma T.H., Cabrera G.L., Cebulska-Wasilewska A., Chen R., Loarca F., Vandenberg A.L., et al. Tradescantia stamen hair mutation bioassay. Mutat. Res. 1994; 310(2): 211–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(94)90114-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma T.H., Cabrera G.L., Cebulska-Wasilewska A., Chen R., Loarca F., Vandenberg A.L., et al. Tradescantia stamen hair mutation bioassay. Mutat. Res. 1994; 310(2): 211–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(94)90114-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
