The article presents a literature review that analyzes the impact of climate change and environmental pollution on the nosoareals of major natural focal diseases in the territories of the Russian Federation. The literature was searched using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, CyberLeninka, and RSCI databases. Those natural focal diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and rodents depend most on the climate. Climate warming contributes both to an increase in the number of arthropods carrying pathogens of these diseases and their feeders, and to the expansion of the habitats of these animals. In addition, conditions for the adaptation of non-endemic vectors of natural focal diseases introduced into Russia are improving. Climate change causes different trend in biological risks in different regions. Another significant factor affecting nosoareals is anthropogenic pollution and accumulation of heavy metal ions in soil, surface, and groundwater. In recent decades, under the influence of environmental pollution with heavy metals, primarily cadmium, ixodes mites with exoskeleton abnormalities have appeared, differing both in the degree of accumulation of heavy metals in their bodies and in their susceptibility to pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of the results of scientific research aimed at studying the influence of environmental factors on the spread of major natural focal diseases in different territories of the Russian Federation allows concluding that climate warming will lead to the expansion of the corresponding nozoareals to the north and NorthEast. At the same time, a significant reduction in the area of such areas is not expected. Increased cadmium contamination of soils is a factor contributing to an increase in the potential risk of human infection in the corresponding nosoareals, as well as an increase in the proportion of the urban population infected with tick-borne diseases.