medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-9-1158-1164momxommedlit-5155Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВHYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTSОценка использования студентами Интернета в обычных условиях обучения, в период самоизоляции во время и после пандемии COVID-19Assessment of students’ use of the internet in normal learning environments, during self-isolation during COVID-19 and after the pandemichttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-5546КучмаВладислав РемировичKuchmaVladislav R.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, зав. каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: kuchma_v_r@staff.sechenov.ru

DSc (Medicine), professor, corresponding member of the RAS, Head of the Department of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents, Institute of Public Health after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation; Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation

e-mail: kuchma_v_r@staff.sechenov.ru

 

kuchma_v_r@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4669-4055ЯмщиковаНаталия ЛьвовнаYamshchikovaNatalia L.

Канд. мед. наук, доцент каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: yamshchikova_n_l@staff.sechenov.ru

PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of hygiene of children and adolescents, Institute of Public Health after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: yamshchikova_n_l@staff.sechenov.ru

yamshchikova_n_l@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-0574МакароваАнна ЮрьевнаMakarovaAnna Yu.

Канд. мед. наук, доцент каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: makarova_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ru

PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of hygiene of children and adolescents, Institute of Public Health named after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: makarova_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ru 

makarova_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5587-8860БражниковАлексей ЮрьевичBrazhnikovAlexey Yu.

Канд. мед. наук, доцент каф. эпидемиологии и доказательной медицины ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: brazhnikov_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ru

PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of epidemiology and evidence-based medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 109991, Russian Federation

e-mail: brazhnikov_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ru

brazhnikov_a_yu@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-2989ЛапоноваЕвгения ДмитриевнаLaponovaEvgeniya D.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: laponova_e_d@staff.sechenov.ru

DSc (Medicine), professor of the Department of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents, Institute of Public Health named after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: laponova_e_d@staff.sechenov.ru

laponova_e_d@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-8081НарышкинаЕлена ВячеславовнаNaryshkinaElena V.

Канд. мед. наук, доцент каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: elena.v.nar21@gmail.com

PhD (Medicine), associate professor of the Department of hygiene of children and adolescents, the Institute of Public Health named after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: narishkina_e_v@staff.sechenov.ru

elena.v.nar21@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4587-4791ЧубаровскийВладимир ВладимировичChubarovskyVladimir V.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: chubarovskiy_v_v@staff.sechenov.ru

DSc (Medicine), professor, Department of hygiene of children and adolescents, Institute of Public Health named after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: chubarovskiy_v_v@staff.sechenov.ru

chubarovskiy_v_v@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8386-911XДеминаНадежда НиколаевнаDeminaNadezhda N.

Ассистент каф. гигиены детей и подростков ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: demina_n_n@staff.sechenov.ru

Assistant professor of the Department of hygiene of children and adolescents, Institute of Public Health named after F.F. Erisman, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: demina_n_n@staff.sechenov.ru

demina_n_n@staff.sechenov.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-6975-9134ЛещёваМария АлексеевнаLeshchevaMaria A.

Студент 6-го курса ИОЗ Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет), 109991, Москва, Россия

e-mail: lesevamaria57@gmail.com

6th year student of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

e-mail: lesevamaria57@gmail.com

lesevamaria57@gmail.comФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет); ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» РоспотребнадзораРоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University); Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. ErismanRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202521102025104911581164Copyright © Кучма В.Р., Ямщикова Н.Л., Макарова А.Ю., Бражников А.Ю., Лапонова Е.Д., Нарышкина Е.В., Чубаровский В.В., Демина Н.Н., Лещёва М.А., 20252025Кучма В.Р., Ямщикова Н.Л., Макарова А.Ю., Бражников А.Ю., Лапонова Е.Д., Нарышкина Е.В., Чубаровский В.В., Демина Н.Н., Лещёва М.А.Kuchma V.R., Yamshchikova N.L., Makarova A.Y., Brazhnikov A.Y., Laponova E.D., Naryshkina E.V., Chubarovsky V.V., Demina N.N., Leshcheva M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5155Введение

Введение. Широкое использование Интернета в работе, общественной жизни, досуге и общении вызывает как оптимизм, так и обеспокоенность. Вспыхнувшая в 2019 г. пандемия COVID-19 привела к чрезмерному использованию Интернета, а снятие карантина позволило вернуться к привычному его применению для учёбы и работы.

Цель исследования – сравнительный анализ использования Интернета студентами медицинского вуза до, во время и после пандемии COVID-19.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. В исследовании студентам было предложено оценить, как они чувствовали и вели себя в отношении использования Интернета за последние шесть месяцев. Была использована анкета «Проблемное и рискованное использование Интернета» (PRIUSS) в бумажном варианте и в формате Гугл-опроса. Участниками первого опроса были 230 студентов, через год, в период самоизоляции, в опросе приняли участие 90 человек, а через два года – 344.

Результаты

Результаты. При первом опросе установлено, что 25,2% опрошенных имели риски, связанные с использованием Интернета. Во втором опросе доля опрошенных с проблемами возросла до 93,3%, в третьем опросе проблемы испытывали 20,9% студентов.

Ограничения исследования

Ограничения исследования. Выборка студентов, обучающихся в медицинских вузах Москвы, ограничивает возможность генерализации результатов на другие регионы и типы образовательных организаций.

Заключение

Заключение. Использование Интернета, сопряжённое с определёнными проблемами, резко возросло в период самоизоляции и вернулось к исходному уровню через два года после пандемии. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что проблемное использование Интернета и профилактика зависимости от него должны быть важным направлением снижения рисков опасного для здоровья поведения детей и молодёжи.

Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование проводилось в соответствии с этическими нормами, изложенными в Хельсинкской декларации Всемирной медицинской ассоциации (8/19EC). Все участники дали информированное добровольное письменное согласие на участие в исследовании.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Кучма В.Р. – концепция, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей; Ямщикова Н.Л., Нарышкина Е.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала, обработка данных, написание текста; Макарова А.Ю. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала, обработка данных; Бражников А.Ю. – концепция и дизайн исследования, обработка данных, написание текста; Лапонова Е.Д., Чубаровский В.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования; Лещёва М.А. – обработка данных; Демина Н.Н. – сбор материала, обработка данных.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.

Поступила

Поступила: 03.06.2025 / Принята к печати: 19.09.2025 / Опубликована: 20.10.2025

Introduction

Introduction. Since the Internet has made fundamental changes in work, social life, leisure, and communication, it has caused both optimism and concern. It is difficult for some people to limit its use, which adversely affects their lives, especially when it comes to children, adolescents, and young people. This has sparked a wide range of research ranging from psychology, sociology, and neuroscience. Several terms have been used to describe the problem, including Internet addiction, gaming disorder, and problematic Internet use. The COVID-19 pandemic that broke out in 2019 significantly affected the quality of life and led to Internet abuse. The lifting of quarantine allowed returning to the usual rhythm of life and, accordingly, the use of the Internet for study and work, as it was before self-isolation.

The purpose of the study

The purpose of the study. To compare the use of the Internet before, on time, and after COVID-19 in medical university students.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The study asked students to rate their feelings and behaviors regarding internet use over the past six months. The “Problematic and Risky Internet Use Survey” (PRIUSS) was administered in both paper and Google Query formats. Participants in the first survey included two hundred thirty students; a year later, during the self-isolation period, 90 students participated; and two years later, 344 students participated.

Results

Results. The first survey found that 25.2% of respondents reported risks associated with internet use. In the second survey, the proportion of respondents with problems increased to 93.3%, and in the third survey, 20.9% of students experienced problems.

Limitations

Limitations. The sample of students studying at Medical universities in Moscow limits the possibility of generalizing the results to other regions and types of educational institutions.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Problematic internet use increased sharply during the lockdown and returned to baseline levels two years after the pandemic. These findings suggest that problematic internet use and addiction prevention should be an important focus for reducing the risk of health-threatening behavior in children and young people.

Compliance with ethical standards. Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set forth in the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (8/19EC). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution

Contribution: Kuchma V.R. – concept, editing the article, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; Yamshchikova N.L., Naryshkina E.V. – study concept and design, data collection, data processing, writing the text; Makarova A.Yu. – study concept and design, data collection, data processing; Brazhnikov A.Yu. – study concept and design, data processing, writing the text; Laponova E.D., Chubarovsky V.V. – study concept and design; Leshcheva M.A. – data processing; Demina N.N. – data collection, data processing.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: June 3, 2025 / Accepted: September 19, 2025 / Published: October 20, 2025

образ жизниобщественная профилактикариски использования Интернетапандемия COVID-19студентыскрининг использования Интернетадистанционное обучениеlifestylepublic preventionInternet usage risksCOVID-19 pandemicstudentsInternet usage screeningdistance learningReferencesHoehe M.R., Thibaut F. Going digital: how technology use may influence human brains and behavior. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2020; 22(2): 93–7. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/mhoeheHoehe M.R., Thibaut F. Going digital: how technology use may influence human brains and behavior. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 2020; 22(2): 93–7. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/mhoeheGao L., Gan Y., Whittal A., Lippke S. Problematic internet use and perceived quality of life: findings from a cross-sectional study investigating work-time and leisure-time internet use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(11): 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114056Gao L., Gan Y., Whittal A., Lippke S. Problematic internet use and perceived quality of life: findings from a cross-sectional study investigating work-time and leisure-time internet use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(11): 4056. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114056Brailovskaia J., Rohmann E., Bierhoff H.W., Schillack H., Margraf J. The relationship between daily stress, social support and Facebook Addiction Disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2019; 276: 167–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.014Brailovskaia J., Rohmann E., Bierhoff H.W., Schillack H., Margraf J. The relationship between daily stress, social support and Facebook Addiction Disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2019; 276: 167–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.014Floros G.D., Ioannidis K. Editorial: the impact of online addiction on general health, well-being and associated societal costs. Front. Public Health. 2021; 9: 676498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.676498Floros G.D., Ioannidis K. Editorial: the impact of online addiction on general health, well-being and associated societal costs. Front. Public Health. 2021; 9: 676498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.676498Stevens C., Zhang E., Cherkerzian S., Chen J.A., Liu C.H. Problematic internet use/computer gaming among US college students: Prevalence and correlates with mental health symptoms. Depress. Anxiety. 2020; 37(11): 1127–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23094Stevens C., Zhang E., Cherkerzian S., Chen J.A., Liu C.H. Problematic internet use/computer gaming among US college students: Prevalence and correlates with mental health symptoms. Depress. Anxiety. 2020; 37(11): 1127–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23094Karakose T., Tülübaş T., Papadakis S. Revealing the intellectual structure and evolution of digital addiction research: an integrated bibliometric and science mapping approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(22): 14883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214883Karakose T., Tülübaş T., Papadakis S. Revealing the intellectual structure and evolution of digital addiction research: an integrated bibliometric and science mapping approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(22): 14883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214883Brand M., Potenza M.N. Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11: an important debate that is anticipated to continue for some time. J. Behav. Addict. 2023; 12(3): 585–9. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.00042Brand M., Potenza M.N. Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11: an important debate that is anticipated to continue for some time. J. Behav. Addict. 2023; 12(3): 585–9. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.00042Войскунский А.Е., Митина О.В., Гусенова А.А. Диагностика зависимости от интернета: сравнение методических средств. Медицинская психология в России. 2015; (4): 1–6. https://elibrary.ru/wfeidhVoiskunskii A.E., Mitina O.V., Guseinova A.A., Rustamova N.E. Measurement of internet addiction: comparison of diagnostic methods. Meditsinskaya psikhologiya v Rossii. 2015; (4): 1–6. https://elibrary.ru/wfeidh (in Russian)Worldwide digital population 2025. Available at: https://statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/Worldwide digital population 2025. Available at: https://statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/Kokka I., Mourikis I., Nicolaides N.C., Darviri C., Chrousos G.P., Kanaka-Gantenbein C., et al. Exploring the effects of problematic internet use on adolescent sleep: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020760Kokka I., Mourikis I., Nicolaides N.C., Darviri C., Chrousos G.P., Kanaka-Gantenbein C., et al. Exploring the effects of problematic internet use on adolescent sleep: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020760Shannon H., Bush K., Shvetz C., Paquin V., Morency J., Hellemans K.G.C., et al. Longitudinal problematic social media use in students and its association with negative mental health outcomes. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2024; 17: 1551–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S450217Shannon H., Bush K., Shvetz C., Paquin V., Morency J., Hellemans K.G.C., et al. Longitudinal problematic social media use in students and its association with negative mental health outcomes. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2024; 17: 1551–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S450217Kokka I., Mourikis I., Nicolaides N.C., Darviri C., Chrousos G.P., Kanaka-Gantenbein C., et al. Exploring the effects of problematic internet use on adolescent sleep: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020760Kokka I., Mourikis I., Nicolaides N.C., Darviri C., Chrousos G.P., Kanaka-Gantenbein C., et al. Exploring the effects of problematic internet use on adolescent sleep: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 760. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020760Кашкевич Е.И., Березина Н.В., Вышегородцева И.С. Эмоциональные отклонения и нарушение коммуникативных возможностей подростков с игровой он-лайн зависимостью. Мир науки. Педагогика и психология. 2022; 10(1): 1–11. https://elibrary.ru/qtuqtcKashkevich E.I., Berezina N.V., Vyshegorodtseva I.S. Emotional deviations and impaired communication capabilities of adolescents with online gaming addiction. Mir nauki. Pedagogika i psikhologiya. 2022; 10(1): 1–11. https://elibrary.ru/qtuqtc (in Russian)Lahti H., Kokkonen M., Hietajärvi L., Lyyra N., Paakkari L. Social media threats and health among adolescents: evidence from the health behaviour in school-aged children study. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health. 2024; 18(1): 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-024-00754-8Lahti H., Kokkonen M., Hietajärvi L., Lyyra N., Paakkari L. Social media threats and health among adolescents: evidence from the health behaviour in school-aged children study. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health. 2024; 18(1): 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-024-00754-8Tsilosani A., Chan K., Steffens A., Bolton T.B., Kowalczyk W.J. Problematic social media use is associated with depression and similar to behavioral addictions: Physiological and behavioral evidence. Addict. Behav. 2023; 145: 107781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107781Tsilosani A., Chan K., Steffens A., Bolton T.B., Kowalczyk W.J. Problematic social media use is associated with depression and similar to behavioral addictions: Physiological and behavioral evidence. Addict. Behav. 2023; 145: 107781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107781HBSC. A focus on adolescent media use and gaming. Available at: https://hbsc.org/publications/reports/a-focus-on-adolescent-social-media-use-and-gaming-in-europe-central-asia-and-canada/HBSC. A focus on adolescent media use and gaming. Available at: https://hbsc.org/publications/reports/a-focus-on-adolescent-social-media-use-and-gaming-in-europe-central-asia-and-canada/Boniel-Nissim M., Marino C., Galeotti T., Blinka L., Ozoliņa K., Craig W., et al. A focus on adolescent social media use and gaming in Europe, central Asia and Canada. In: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children International Report from the 2021/2022 survey. Volume 6. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2024.Boniel-Nissim M., Marino C., Galeotti T., Blinka L., Ozoliņa K., Craig W., et al. A focus on adolescent social media use and gaming in Europe, central Asia and Canada. In: Health Behaviour in School-aged Children International Report from the 2021/2022 survey. Volume 6. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2024.Cauberghe V., Van Wesenbeeck I., De Jans S., Hudders L., Ponnet K. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2021; 24(4): 250–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0478Cauberghe V., Van Wesenbeeck I., De Jans S., Hudders L., Ponnet K. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2021; 24(4): 250–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0478Kaiser S., Kyrrestad H., Martinussen M. Adolescents’ experiences of the information they received about the coronavirus (COVID-19) in Norway: a cross-sectional study. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health. 2021; 15(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00384-4Kaiser S., Kyrrestad H., Martinussen M. Adolescents’ experiences of the information they received about the coronavirus (COVID-19) in Norway: a cross-sectional study. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health. 2021; 15(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00384-4Jelenchick L.A., Eickhoff J., Zhang C., Kraninger K., Christakis D.A., Moreno M.A. Screening for adolescent problematic internet use: validation of the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS). Acad. Pediatr. 2015; 15(6): 658–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.001Jelenchick L.A., Eickhoff J., Zhang C., Kraninger K., Christakis D.A., Moreno M.A. Screening for adolescent problematic internet use: validation of the Problematic and Risky Internet Use Screening Scale (PRIUSS). Acad. Pediatr. 2015; 15(6): 658–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.07.001Moreno M.A., Eickhoff J., Zhao Q., Suris J.C. College students and problematic internet use: a pilot study assessing self-appraisal and independent behavior change. J. Adolesc. Health. 2019; 64(1): 131–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.029Moreno M.A., Eickhoff J., Zhao Q., Suris J.C. College students and problematic internet use: a pilot study assessing self-appraisal and independent behavior change. J. Adolesc. Health. 2019; 64(1): 131–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.029Shannon H., Bush K., Shvetz C., Paquin V., Morency J., Hellemans K.G.C., et al. Longitudinal problematic social media use in students and its association with negative mental health outcomes. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2024; 17: 1551–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S450217Shannon H., Bush K., Shvetz C., Paquin V., Morency J., Hellemans K.G.C., et al. Longitudinal problematic social media use in students and its association with negative mental health outcomes. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2024; 17: 1551–60. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S450217Кучма В.Р., Седова А.С., Степанова М.И., Рапопорт И.К., Поленова М.А., Соколова С.Б. и др. Особенности жизнедеятельности и самочувствия детей и подростков, дистанционно обучающихся во время эпидемии новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Вопросы школьной и университетской медицины и здоровья. 2020; (2): 4–19. https://elibrary.ru/rtmayfKuchma V.R., Sedova A.S., Stepanova M.I., Rapoport I.K., Polenova M.A., Sokolova S.B., et al. Life and wellbeing of children and adolescents studying remotely during the epidemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Voprosy shkol’noi i universitetskoi meditsiny i zdorov’ya. 2020; (2): 4–19. https://elibrary.ru/rtmayf (in Russian)Lin M.P. Prevalence of internet addiction during the COVID-19 outbreak and its risk factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(22): 8547. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s450217Lin M.P. Prevalence of internet addiction during the COVID-19 outbreak and its risk factors among junior high school students in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(22): 8547. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s450217Bozzola E., Spina G., Agostiniani R., Barni S., Russo R., Scarpato E., et al. The use of social media in children and adolescents: scoping review on the potential risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(16): 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960Bozzola E., Spina G., Agostiniani R., Barni S., Russo R., Scarpato E., et al. The use of social media in children and adolescents: scoping review on the potential risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(16): 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960Dong H., Yang F., Lu X., Hao W. Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Front. Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 00751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751Dong H., Yang F., Lu X., Hao W. Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Front. Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 00751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751Alliott O., Fairbrother H., van Sluijs E. Adolescents’ physical activity during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of young people living in the context of socioeconomic deprivation. BMC Public Health. 2024; 24(1): 2450. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19777-zAlliott O., Fairbrother H., van Sluijs E. Adolescents’ physical activity during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of young people living in the context of socioeconomic deprivation. BMC Public Health. 2024; 24(1): 2450. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19777-zКучма В.Р., Макарова А.Ю., Нарышкина Е.В., Ямщикова Н.Л., Бражников А.Ю., Федоринин А.А. и др. Использование интернета как фактор рискового поведения молодежи в условиях дистанционного обучения при COVID-19. Анализ риска здоровью. 2022; (3): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.3.05 https://elibrary.ru/ttvdezKuchma V.R., Makarova A.Yu., Naryshkina E.V., Yamschikova N.L., Brazhnikov A.Yu., Fedorinin A.A., et al. Problematic internet use as youth’s risky behavior under distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. Health Risk Analysis. 2022; (3): 63–71. https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2022.3.05.eng https://elibrary.ru/qbcqdxStockwell S., Trott M., Tully M., Shin J., Barnett Y., Butler L., et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2021; 7(1): e000960. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960Stockwell S., Trott M., Tully M., Shin J., Barnett Y., Butler L., et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2021; 7(1): e000960. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000960Lin L., Liu J., Cao X., Wen S., Xu J., Xue Z., et al. Internet addiction mediates the association between cyber victimization and psychological and physical symptoms: moderation by physical exercise. BMC Psychiatry. 2020; 20(1): 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02548-6Lin L., Liu J., Cao X., Wen S., Xu J., Xue Z., et al. Internet addiction mediates the association between cyber victimization and psychological and physical symptoms: moderation by physical exercise. BMC Psychiatry. 2020; 20(1): 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02548-6Goslar M., Leibetseder M., Muench H.M., Hofmann S.G., Laireiter A.R. Treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying: A meta-analysis. J. Behav. Addict. 2020; 9(1): 14–43. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00005Goslar M., Leibetseder M., Muench H.M., Hofmann S.G., Laireiter A.R. Treatments for internet addiction, sex addiction and compulsive buying: A meta-analysis. J. Behav. Addict. 2020; 9(1): 14–43. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00005Al Shawi A.F., Hameed A.K., Shalal A.I., Abd Kareem S.S., Majeed M.A., Humidy S.T. Internet addiction and its relationship to gender, depression and anxiety among medical students in Anbar governorate – west of Iraq. Int. Q. Community Health Educ. 2021; 272684X20985708. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X20985708Al Shawi A.F., Hameed A.K., Shalal A.I., Abd Kareem S.S., Majeed M.A., Humidy S.T. Internet addiction and its relationship to gender, depression and anxiety among medical students in Anbar governorate – west of Iraq. Int. Q. Community Health Educ. 2021; 272684X20985708. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272684X20985708Varchetta M., Tagliaferri G., Mari E., Quaglieri A., Cricenti C., Giannini A.M., et al. Exploring gender differences in internet addiction and psychological factors: a study in a Spanish sample. Brain Sci. 2024; 14(10): 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101037Varchetta M., Tagliaferri G., Mari E., Quaglieri A., Cricenti C., Giannini A.M., et al. Exploring gender differences in internet addiction and psychological factors: a study in a Spanish sample. Brain Sci. 2024; 14(10): 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14101037Wang Z.L., Song K.R., Zhou N., Potenza M.N., Zhang J.T., Dong G.H. Gender-related differences in involvement of addiction brain networks in internet gaming disorder: Relationships with craving and emotional regulation. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2022; 118: 110574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110574Wang Z.L., Song K.R., Zhou N., Potenza M.N., Zhang J.T., Dong G.H. Gender-related differences in involvement of addiction brain networks in internet gaming disorder: Relationships with craving and emotional regulation. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 2022; 118: 110574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110574Carter B., Ahmed N., Cassidy O., Pearson O., Calcia M., Mackie C., et al. ‘There’s more to life than staring at a small screen’: a mixed methods cohort study of problematic smartphone use and the relationship to anxiety, depression and sleep in students aged 13–16 years old in the UK. BMJ Ment. Health. 2024; 27(1): e301115. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2024-301115Carter B., Ahmed N., Cassidy O., Pearson O., Calcia M., Mackie C., et al. ‘There’s more to life than staring at a small screen’: a mixed methods cohort study of problematic smartphone use and the relationship to anxiety, depression and sleep in students aged 13–16 years old in the UK. BMJ Ment. Health. 2024; 27(1): e301115. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2024-301115Mrayyan M.T., Alkhawaldeh J.M., Alfayoumi I., Algunmeeyn A., Abunab H.Y., Suliman W.A., et al. COVID-19 era-related e-learning: a cross-sectional web-scale study of cyberchondria, internet addiction and anxiety-related symptomatology among university nursing students. BMJ Open. 2023; 13(8): e071971. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071971Mrayyan M.T., Alkhawaldeh J.M., Alfayoumi I., Algunmeeyn A., Abunab H.Y., Suliman W.A., et al. COVID-19 era-related e-learning: a cross-sectional web-scale study of cyberchondria, internet addiction and anxiety-related symptomatology among university nursing students. BMJ Open. 2023; 13(8): e071971. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071971Borraccino A., Marengo N., Dalmasso P., Marino C., Ciardullo S., Nardone P., et al. Problematic social media use and cyber aggression in Italian adolescents: the remarkable role of social support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(15): 9763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159763Borraccino A., Marengo N., Dalmasso P., Marino C., Ciardullo S., Nardone P., et al. Problematic social media use and cyber aggression in Italian adolescents: the remarkable role of social support. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19(15): 9763. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159763Marengo N., Borraccino A., Charrier L., Berchialla P., Dalmasso P., Caputo M., et al. Cyberbullying and problematic social media use: an insight into the positive role of social support in adolescents – data from the health behaviour in school-aged children study in Italy. Public Health. 2021; 199: 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.010Marengo N., Borraccino A., Charrier L., Berchialla P., Dalmasso P., Caputo M., et al. Cyberbullying and problematic social media use: an insight into the positive role of social support in adolescents – data from the health behaviour in school-aged children study in Italy. Public Health. 2021; 199: 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.08.010ВОЗ. Рекомендации ВОЗ по вопросам физической активности и малоподвижного образа жизни; 2021. Доступно: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/336656/9789240032170-rus.pdfWHO. WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/336656/9789240015128-eng.pdfСанПиН 1.2.3685–21. Гигиенические нормативы и требования к обеспечению безопасности и (или) безвредности для человека факторов среды обитания; 2021.SanPiN 1.2.3685–21. Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans; 2021.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.