<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-9-1172-1178</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ajkypc</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5157</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гигиеническая оценка условий труда при протравливании семян с использованием различной техники</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygienic assessment of working conditions during seed treatment using various equipment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-6507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ракитский</surname><given-names>Валерий Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakitskii</surname><given-names>Valerii N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель Института гигиены, токсикологии пестицидов и химической безопасности ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: rakitskii.vn@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, academician of the RAS, Scientific Director of the Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology of Pesticides and Chemical Safety of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: rakitskii.vn@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rakitskii.vn@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9501-092X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Березняк</surname><given-names>Ирина Владиславовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereznyak</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. гигиены труда Института гигиены, токсикологии пестицидов и химической безопасности ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: bereznyak.iv@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, head, Occupational Hygiene Department, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: bereznyak.iv@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bereznyak.iv@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9908-6590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антипова</surname><given-names>Валентина Ивановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Antipova</surname><given-names>Valentina I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. гигиены труда Института гигиены, токсикологии пестицидов и химической безопасности ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: antipova.vi@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher at the Occupational Hygiene Department, Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology of Pesticides and Chemical Safety, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: antipova.vi@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antipova.vi@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0444-1095</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вещемова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veshchemova</surname><given-names>Tatiana E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. гигиены труда Института гигиены, токсикологии пестицидов и химической безопасности ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: veshchemova.te@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), senior researcher, Occupational Hygiene Department, Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology of Pesticides and Chemical Safety, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: veshchemova.te@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">veshchemova.te@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>1172</fpage><lpage>1178</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ракитский В.Н., Березняк И.В., Антипова В.И., Вещемова Т.Е., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ракитский В.Н., Березняк И.В., Антипова В.И., Вещемова Т.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rakitskii V.N., Bereznyak I.V., Antipova V.I., Veshchemova T.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5157">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5157</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Протравливание пестицидами семенного материала – одна из важнейших технологических операций при выращивании сельскохозяйственных культур. Высокое качество протравливания достигается в том числе равномерностью обработки пестицидами, которая в значительной степени зависит от технических средств и способов их применения. Для протравливания семенного материала в Российской Федерации применяют машины четырёх основных типов: барабанные, шнековые, камерные и ротационные. В настоящей работе представлены результаты гигиенических исследований по оценке риска для операторов при работе на различных протравочных машинах с использованием инсектицидных препаратов на основе тиаметоксама, относящегося к классу неоникотиноидов.</p><p>Цель исследования – гигиеническая оценка условий труда и риска воздействия инсектицидов на основе тиаметоксама при предпосевной обработке семян с использованием протравочных машин различных типов и при высеве обработанных семян.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В рамках исследования проведён мониторинг воздушной среды и анализ загрязнения кожных покровов у операторов и помощников, работающих с машинами ПС-10, ПС-20, PETKUS, RH-800 и SATEC. Также рассмотрены условия труда при использовании сельскохозяйственной техники при посеве протравленного материала.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Показано, что при соблюдении регламентов и применении средств индивидуальной защиты уровень экспозиции не превышает допустимых значений в воздухе и ориентировочных допустимых уровней на коже. Однако при высеве семян уровень воздействия на сеяльщиков может значительно превышать аналогичные показатели для операторов протравочных машин.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Учитывая множество факторов, влияющих на формирование экспозиционных уровней тиаметоксама, экстраполировать полученные данные возможно только при применении препаратов на его основе с использованием подобных технологий.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. При протравливании и высеве посевного материала независимо от способа протравливания при соблюдении требований безопасности, регламентов применения препаратов, при работе на исправной отрегулированной технике риск воздействия изученных пестицидов является допустимым.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Ракитский В.Н. – научное руководство; Березняк И.В. – научное руководство, концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, анализ и интерпретация результатов, статистическая обработка, написание текста; Антипова В.И.  – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала, обработка и визуализация данных, анализ и интерпретация результатов, написание текста; Вещемова Т.Е. – сбор данных литературы, обработка данных, написание текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено в рамках отраслевой программы Роспотребнадзора «Научное обоснование национальной системы обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, управления рисками здоровью и повышения качества жизни населения России» (2021–2025 гг.).</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 27.05.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 04.06.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.06.2025 / Опубликована: 20.10.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Seed treatment with pesticides is one of the most important technological operations in the cultivation of agricultural crops. The main components of high-quality seed treatment are the uniform distribution of pesticides and the preservation of seed viability, both of which largely depend on the technical equipment and application methods used. In the Russian Federation, four main types of seed treatment machines are currently employed: drum, auger, chamber, and rotary. This paper presents the results of hygienic studies assessing occupational risk for operators working with different seed treatment machines using insecticidal preparations based on thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid-class compound. Neonicotinoids are synthetically produced derivatives of the alkaloid nicotine. Provided, that safety regulations and operational guidelines are followed, the risk of pesticide exposure for operators remains within hygienic standards across all treatment technologies.</p><p>The purpose of this study. To perform a hygienic assessment of working conditions and the risk of exposure to thiamethoxam-based insecticides during pre-sowing seed treatment using various seed treating machines and sowing of treated seeds.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included monitoring of air quality and dermal exposure among operators and assistants working with PS-10, PS-20, PETKUS, RH-800, and SATEC machines. During the sowing of treated seeds with using agricultural machinery working conditions were also examined.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Under compliance with regulations and the use of personal protective equipment, the level of exposure was demonstrated to not exceed permissible limits. However, during sowing, exposure levels for seeders may significantly exceed those observed in operators of seed treatment machines.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Given the numerous factors influencing the formation of thiamethoxam exposure levels, extrapolation of the obtained data is only possible when using thiamethoxam-based formulations employing similar technologies.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. During both seed treatment and sowing, regardless of the treatment method used, adherence to safety protocols, pesticide application guidelines, and proper machine maintenance ensures the risk of exposure to the studied pesticides to remain within acceptable limits.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Rakitskii V.N. – scientific guidance; Bereznyak I.V. – concept and design of research, material collection and data processing, analysis and interpretation of results, statistical processing, text writing; Antipova V.I. – concept and design of research, collection of material, data processing and visualization, analysis and interpretation of results, text writing; Veshchemova T.E. – literature data collection, data processing, text writing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of the Rospotrebnadzor industry program “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, health risk management and improving the quality of life of the Russian population” (2021–2025).</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: May 27, 2025 / Revised: June 4, 2025 / Accepted: June 26, 2025 / Published: October 20, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пестициды</kwd><kwd>протравливание</kwd><kwd>протравочные машины</kwd><kwd>поглощённая доза</kwd><kwd>экспозиционные уровни</kwd><kwd>оценка риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pesticides</kwd><kwd>seed treatment</kwd><kwd>seed dressing machines</kwd><kwd>absorbed dose</kwd><kwd>exposure levels</kwd><kwd>risk assessment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Государственный каталог пестицидов и агрохимикатов, разрешенных к применению на территории Российской Федерации. Минсельхоз РФ; 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">State Catalogue of Pesticides and Agrochemicals Approved for Use in the Russian Federation. Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation; 2025. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Short S., Robinson A., Lahive E., Green Etxabe A., Hernádi S., Pereira M.G., et al. Off-target stoichiometric binding identified from toxicogenomics explains why some species are more sensitive than others to a widely used neonicotinoid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021; 55(5): 3059–69. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Short S., Robinson A., Lahive E., Green Etxabe A., Hernádi S., Pereira M.G., et al. Off-target stoichiometric binding identified from toxicogenomics explains why some species are more sensitive than others to a widely used neonicotinoid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021; 55(5): 3059–69. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Вещемова Т.Е., Масальцев Г.В., Ракитский В.Н., Чхвиркия Е.Г., Кузьмин С.В., Цацакис А.М. Сравнительная оценка характера комбинированного действия инсектицидов: разные методические подходы. Гигиена и санитария. 2024; 103(9): 1025–30. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-9-1025-1030 https://elibrary.ru/yvwyur</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veshchemova T.E., Masaltsev G.V., Rakitskii V.N., Chkhvirkiya E.G., Kuzmin S.V., Tsatsakis A.M. Comparative assessment of the nature of the combined action of insecticides: different methodical approaches. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2024; 103(9): 1025–30. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2024-103-9-1025-1030 https://elibrary.ru/yvwyur</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eng M.L., Karouna-Renier N.K., Henry P.F.P., Letcher R.J., Schultz S.L., Bean T.G., et al. In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019; 179: 151–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eng M.L., Karouna-Renier N.K., Henry P.F.P., Letcher R.J., Schultz S.L., Bean T.G., et al. In ovo exposure to brominated flame retardants Part II: Assessment of effects of TBBPA-BDBPE and BTBPE on hatching success, morphometric and physiological endpoints in American kestrels. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2019; 179: 151–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bass C., Denholm I., Williamson M.S., Nauen R. The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2015; 121: 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bass C., Denholm I., Williamson M.S., Nauen R. The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 2015; 121: 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.04.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li F., Xiong W., Zhang C., Wang D., Zhou C., Li W., et al. Neonicotinoid insecticides in non-target organisms: Occurrence, exposure, toxicity, and human health risks. J. Environ. Manage. 2025; 383: 125432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125432</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li F., Xiong W., Zhang C., Wang D., Zhou C., Li W., et al. Neonicotinoid insecticides in non-target organisms: Occurrence, exposure, toxicity, and human health risks. J. Environ. Manage. 2025; 383: 125432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125432</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Food Safety Authority. Evaluation of the data on clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam for the updated risk assessment to bees for seed treatments and granules in the EU. EFSA Support. Publ. 2018; 15(2): 1378E. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1378</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Food Safety Authority. Evaluation of the data on clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam for the updated risk assessment to bees for seed treatments and granules in the EU. EFSA Support. Publ. 2018; 15(2): 1378E. https://doi.org/10.2903/sp.efsa.2018.EN-1378</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/785 of 29 May 2018. Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 as regards the conditions of approval of the active substance thiamethoxam. OJEU. 2018; 132: 44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/785 of 29 May 2018. Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 as regards the conditions of approval of the active substance thiamethoxam. OJEU. 2018; 132: 44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/783 of 29 May 2018. Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 as regards the conditions of approval of the active substance imidacloprid. OJEU. 2018; 132: 31.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/783 of 29 May 2018. Amending Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 as regards the conditions of approval of the active substance imidacloprid. OJEU. 2018; 132: 31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin considering the uses as seed treatments and granules. EFSA J. 2018; 16(2): e05177. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5177</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for bees for the active substance clothianidin considering the uses as seed treatments and granules. EFSA J. 2018; 16(2): e05177. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5177</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maienfisch P., Angst M., Brandl F., Fischer W., Hofer D., Kayser H., et al. Chemistry and biology of thiamethoxam: a second generation neonicotinoid. Pest. Manag. Sci. 2001; 57(10): 906–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.365</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maienfisch P., Angst M., Brandl F., Fischer W., Hofer D., Kayser H., et al. Chemistry and biology of thiamethoxam: a second generation neonicotinoid. Pest. Manag. Sci. 2001; 57(10): 906–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.365</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Department for Environment, Food &amp; Rural Affairs.Statement of reasons for the decision on the application for emergency authorisation of the use of Cruiser SB on sugar beet crops in England in 2025. Available at: https://clck.ru/3P7GMN</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Department for Environment, Food &amp; Rural Affairs.Statement of reasons for the decision on the application for emergency authorisation of the use of Cruiser SB on sugar beet crops in England in 2025. Available at: https://clck.ru/3P7GMN</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тришкин Д.С. Справочник агронома по вопросам протравливания семян зерновых культур. М.: Байер, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trishkin D.S. Handbook for Agronomists on Seed Dressing of Cereal Crops [Spravochnik agronoma po voprosam protravlivaniya semyan zernovykh kul’tur]. Moscow: Bayer; 2006. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner J.A., ed. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium. BCPC; 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner J.A., ed. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium. BCPC; 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антипова В.И. Гигиеническая оценка применения пестицидов при высеве протравленного зерна и при уборке урожая в сельском хозяйстве. В кн.: Материалы VII Международной (XX Региональной) научной конференции «Техногенные системы и экологический риск». Обнинск; 2024: 232–3. https://elibrary.ru/uevjcq</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antipova V.I. Hygienic assessment of pesticide use during the sowing of dressed grain and during crop harvesting in agriculture. In: Proceedings of the VII International (XX Regional) Scientific Conference «Technogenic Systems and Environmental Risk» [Materialy VII Mezhdunarodnoi (XX Regional’noi) nauchnoi konferentsii «Tekhnogennye sistemy i ekologicheskii risk»]. Obninsk; 2024: 232–3. https://elibrary.ru/uevjcq (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Липкина Л.И., Заволокина Н.Г., Михеева Е.Н. Минимизация риска здоровью работающих при предпосевной обработке посадочного материала. Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2016; 56(3): 17–23. https://elibrary.ru/tnepoi</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipkina L.I., Zavolokina N.G., Mikheyeva E.N. Minimizing risk for health in workers engaged into preplanting treatment of planting material. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya. 2016; 56(3): 17–23. https://elibrary.ru/tnepoi (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidyasagar J., Karunakar N., Reddy M.S. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in acute organophosphorous insecticide poisoning. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2004; 36(2): 76–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidyasagar J., Karunakar N., Reddy M.S. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in acute organophosphorous insecticide poisoning. Indian J. Pharmacol. 2004; 36(2): 76–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ranjbar A., Pasalar P., Abdollahi M. Induction of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in organophosphorous pesticide manufacturing workers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2002; 21(4): 179–82. https://doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht238oa</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ranjbar A., Pasalar P., Abdollahi M. Induction of oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in organophosphorous pesticide manufacturing workers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2002; 21(4): 179–82. https://doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht238oa</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sass J.B., Raichel D. Human acute poisoning incidents associated with neonicotinoid pesticides in the U.S. Incident Data System (IDS) database from 2018-2022 – frequency and severity show public health risks, regulatory failures. Environ. Health. 2024; 23(1): 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01139-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sass J.B., Raichel D. Human acute poisoning incidents associated with neonicotinoid pesticides in the U.S. Incident Data System (IDS) database from 2018-2022 – frequency and severity show public health risks, regulatory failures. Environ. Health. 2024; 23(1): 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-024-01139-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orikpete O.F., Kikanme K.N., Falade T.D.O., Dennis N.M., Ejike Ewim D.R., Fadare O.O. Neonicotinoid pesticides in African agriculture: What do we know and what should be the focus for future research? Chemosphere. 2025; 372: 144057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.144057</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orikpete O.F., Kikanme K.N., Falade T.D.O., Dennis N.M., Ejike Ewim D.R., Fadare O.O. Neonicotinoid pesticides in African agriculture: What do we know and what should be the focus for future research? Chemosphere. 2025; 372: 144057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.144057</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
