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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-9-1204-1208</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">aynxcp</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5162</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕТОДЫ ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Применение нанороботов в биомедицинских науках (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nanorobotics in biomedical sciences (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1593-6788</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николопулу</surname><given-names>Димитра</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolopoulou</surname><given-names>Dimitra I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакалавр в области биологии (специализация: биомолекулярные науки и биотехнологии), науч. сотр., Лаборатория токсикологии и судебной медицины, Медицинская школа, Университет Крита, Ираклион, 71003, Греческая Республика</p><p>e-mail: d.nikolopoulou@uoc.gr</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of toxicology and forensic sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, P.O. 71003, The Hellenic Republic</p><p>e-mail: d.nikolopoulou@uoc.gr </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.nikolopoulou@uoc.gr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9159-9347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карампатзакис</surname><given-names>Томас</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karampatzakis</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистр в области токсикологии, аспирант, Лаборатория физиологии животных, Кафедра биохимии и биотехнологии, Университет Фессалии, Лариса, 41500, Греческая Республика</p><p>e-mail: tkarampatzakis@uth.gr</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate student, Laboratory of animal physiology, Department of biochemistry and biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, The Hellenic Republic</p><p>e-mail: tkarampatzakis@uth.gr</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tkarampatzakis@uth.gr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7469-6640</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куретас</surname><given-names>Димитриос</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kouretas</surname><given-names>Demetrios</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Профессор физиологии и токсикологии животных, Лаборатория физиологии животных, Кафедра биохимии и биотехнологии, Университет Фессалии, Лариса, 41500, Греческая Республика</p><p>e-mail: dkouret@uth.gr</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Laboratory of animal physiology, Department of biochemistry and biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, 41500, The Hellenic Republic</p><p>e-mail: dkouret@uth.gr</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dkouret@uth.gr</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8678-400X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федоров</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorov</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистр в области компьютерных наук, аспирант, мл. науч. сотр., Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук, 630501, р.п. Краснообск, Россия</p><p>e-mail: dmtry.fedorov@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies, Krasnoobsk, 630501, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: dmtry.fedorov@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmtry.fedorov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2304-6954</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цинтаракис</surname><given-names>Антонис</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsintarakis</surname><given-names>Antonis</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистр в области клинической биохимии и молекулярной диагностики, внешний науч. сотр., Отдел биомедицинских приложений, Институт химической биологии, Национальный фонд исследований Греции (NHRF), 11635, Афины, Греческая Республика</p><p>e-mail: tsintarakis@hotmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>External researcher, Biomedical Applications Unit, Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 11635, Athens, The Hellenic Republic</p><p>e-mail: tsintarakis@hotmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsintarakis@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2504-5407</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киритрас</surname><given-names>Евангелос</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirithras</surname><given-names>Evangelos</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач, внешний науч. сотр., Лаборатория токсикологии и судебной медицины, Медицинский факультет, Университет Крита, Ираклион, 71003, Греческая Республика</p><p>e-mail: vaggelis@libero.it</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor, external researcher, Laboratory of toxicology and forensic sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, The Hellenic Republic</p><p>e-mail: vaggelis@libero.it</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vaggelis@libero.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3506-0324</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тагизадехгалехджоуи</surname><given-names>Али</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Taghizadehghalehjoughi</surname><given-names>Ali</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинской фармакологии, доцент, преподаватель медицинской фармакологии, Университет Биледжик Шейх Эдебали, 11230, Биледжик, Турецкая Республика</p><p>e-mail: alitgzd@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Medical pharmacologist, associate professor, Medical Pharmacology faculty, Bilecik Sheikh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11230, The Republic of Turkey</p><p>e-mail: alitgzd@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alitgzd@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-6507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ракитский</surname><given-names>Валерий Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakitskii</surname><given-names>Valerii N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель Института гигиены, токсикологии пестицидов и химической безопасности ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: rakitskii.vn@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, Academician of the RAS, Scientific Director of the Institute of Hygiene, Pesticide Toxicology and Chemical Safety, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: rakitskii.vn@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rakitskii.vn@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Крита</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Crete</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Фессалии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Thessaly</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Сибирский федеральный научный центр агробиотехнологий Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of Agro-BioTechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт химической биологии, Национальный фонд исследований Греции (NHRF)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Биледжик Шейх Эдебали</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bilecik Sheikh Edebali University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>1204</fpage><lpage>1208</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Николопулу Д.I., Карампатзакис Т., Куретас Д., Федоров Д.С., Цинтаракис А., Киритрас Е., Тагизадехгалехджоуи А., Ракитский В.Н., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Николопулу Д., Карампатзакис Т., Куретас Д., Федоров Д.С., Цинтаракис А., Киритрас Е., Тагизадехгалехджоуи А., Ракитский В.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikolopoulou D.I., Karampatzakis T., Kouretas D., Fedorov D.S., Tsintarakis A., Kirithras E., Taghizadehghalehjoughi A., Rakitskii V.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5162">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5162</self-uri><abstract><p>Наномедицина – это научная область, возникшая в результате объединения нанотехнологий и медицины, использующая высокую точность и широкие возможности адаптации функциональных наноразмерных устройств, называемых нанороботами или наноботами. Нанороботы становятся ключевыми элементами в новых медицинских приложениях и в сочетании с быстро развивающимися технологиями искусственного интеллекта (ИИ) могут значительно улучшить результаты лечения и диагностики в контексте точной медицины. Наноробототехника как подобласть наномедицины включает в себя разработку, создание и внедрение автономных или полуавтономных наноразмерных устройств, способных выполнять конкретные медицинские задачи на молекулярном или клеточном уровне. Интеграция искусственного интеллекта ещё больше расширяет возможности нанороботов, позволяя им адаптироваться к динамичной биологической среде, учиться на основе взаимодействия и оптимизировать стратегии лечения. Их точность и способность действовать на клеточном или субклеточном уровне особенно выгодны для борьбы с болезнями в их источнике, такими как рак или генетические нарушения, не причиняя вреда окружающим здоровым тканям. В этой небольшой обзорной статье рассматриваются наиболее традиционные методы лечения и диагностики на основе нанороботов, которые были широко изучены на сегодняшний день. Кроме того, мы акцентируем внимание на проблемах, с которыми сталкивается данная технология при клиническом применении, подробно рассматривая вопросы оценки безопасности, разнообразных биологических эффектов и нормативных ограничений. Наконец, мы представляем наш взгляд на будущие направления развития наномедицины.</p><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Николопулу Д.И. – написание текста, концепция и план исследования, редактирование; Карампатзакис Т. – написание текста, концепция и план исследования, редактирование; Куретас Д. – написание текста, редактирование; Федоров Д.С. – написание текста, редактирование; Цинтаракис А. – написание текста, редактирование; Киритрас Е. – редактирование; Тагизадехгалехджоуи А. – редактирование; Ракитский Н.В. – редактирование. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 15.04.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.06.2025 / Опубликована: 20.10.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Nanomedicine is a scientific field resulting from the combination of nanotechnology and medicine, utilizing the high accuracy and wide adaptability of functional nanoscale devices called nanorobots or nanobots. Nanobots are emerging as key players in novel medical applications and, in conjunction with the rapidly evolving Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, may significantly improve the treatment and diagnostic outcomes in the context of precision medicine. Nanorobotics, as a subfield of nanomedicine, involves the design, creation, and deployment of autonomous or semi-autonomous nanoscale devices capable of performing specific medical tasks at the molecular or cellular level. The integration of AI further enhances the capabilities of nanobots by enabling them to adapt to dynamic biological environments, learn from interactions, and optimize treatment strategies. Their precision and ability to operate at the cellular or subcellular scale are particularly advantageous in targeting diseases at their source, such as cancer or genetic disorders, without causing damage to surrounding intact tissues. Herein, this short review article aims to present an overview of the most conventional nanobot-based therapeutics and diagnostics that have been widely explored so far. Furthermore, we emphasize on the challenges this technology faces in clinical application, detailing issues in safety assessment, diverse biological effects, and regulatory restrictions. Finally, we provide our perspective on the future directions of nanomedicine.</p><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Nikolopoulou D.I. – writing text, the concept and design of the study, editing; Karampatzakis T. – writing text, the design of the study, editing; Kouretas D. – writing text, editing; Fedorov D.S. – writing text, editing; Tsintarakis A. – writing text, editing; Kirithras E. – editing; Taghizadehghalehjoughi A. – editing; Rakitsky V.N. – editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 15, 2025 / Accepted: June 26, 2025 / Published: October 20, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нанороботы</kwd><kwd>нанотехнологии</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>биомедицина</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanobots</kwd><kwd>nanotechnology</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>biomedicine</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anzar N., Yadav N., Narang J. Chapter 21. Nanorobots for improved theranostic applications. 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