medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-10-1290-1295ioivfhmedlit-5225Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENEМикро- и нанопластик: происхождение, источники поступления и влияние на здоровье человека (обзор литературы)Micro- and nanoplastics: origin, sources of intake and impact on human health (literature review)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2746-8634ГазеевИгорь РамилевичGazeevIgor R.

Канд. с.-х. наук, доцент, декан факультета пищевых технологий, ФГБОУ ВО БашГАУ, 450001, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: gazeevigor@yandex.ru

PhD (Agriculture), associate professor, dean, Faculty of food technologies, Bashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa, 450001, Russian Federation

e-mail: Igor gazeevigor@yandex.ru

gazeevigor@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4753-3210ЛукинАлександр АнатольевичLukinAleksandr A.

Канд. техн. наук, доцент, доцент каф. технического сервиса машин, оборудования и безопасности жизнедеятельности, ФГБОУ ВО Южно-Уральский ГАУ, 454080, Челябинск, Россия

e-mail: lukin3415@gmail.com

PhD (Engineering), associate professor, associate professor of the Department of Technical Service of Machines, Equipment and Life Safety, South Ural State Agrarian University, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation

e-mail: lukin3415@gmail.com 

lukin3415@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-767XГизатоваНаталья ВладимировнаGizatovaNatalia V.

Канд. биол. наук, доцент, доцент каф. технологии мясных, молочных продуктов и химии, ФГБОУ ВО БашГАУ, 450001, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: Natgiz@yandex.ru

PhD (Biology), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Technology of Meat, Dairy Products and Chemistry, Bashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa, 450001, Russian Federation

e-mail: Natgiz@yandex.ru

Natgiz@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-5946ЛатыповаГульнара ФлуровнаLatypovaGulnara F.

Канд. биол. наук, доцент, зав. каф. безопасности жизнедеятельности и технологического оборудования, ФГБОУ ВО БашГАУ, 450001, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: g1311@mail.ru

PhD (Biology), associate professor, head, the Department of life safety and technological equipment, Bashkir State Agrarian University, Ufa, 450001, Russian Federation

e-mail: g1311@mail.ru

g1311@mail.ruФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный аграрный университет»РоссияBashkir State Agrarian UniversityRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Южно-Уральский государственный аграрный университет»; ФГАОУ ВО «Южно-Уральский государственный университет (национальный исследовательский университет)»РоссияSouthern-Ural State Agrarian University; South-Ural State University (National Research University)Russian Federation2025161120251041012901295Copyright © Газеев И.Р., Лукин А.А., Гизатова Н.В., Латыпова Г.Ф., 20252025Газеев И.Р., Лукин А.А., Гизатова Н.В., Латыпова Г.Ф.Gazeev I.R., Lukin A.A., Gizatova N.V., Latypova G.F.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5225

Цель обзора – объединение и систематизация информации о механизмах взаимодействия микропластика и живых организмов, а также анализ влияния этих процессов на состояние здоровья. Релевантные статьи для обзора были получены через онлайн-поиск в библиографических ресурсах Scopus, Web of Science и Google Scholar.

Накопленные научные исследования убедительно свидетельствуют о том, что микропластик (МП) и нанопластик (НП) становятся всё более серьёзной проблемой для экологии и здоровья человека, требующей комплексного и многостороннего рассмотрения. Широкое распространение в природных системах и человеческом организме, а также уникальные физико-химические характеристики выделяют МП и НП в категорию новых загрязнителей, способных оказать существенное негативное влияние на различные органы и системы, в том числе эндокринную, нервную, дыхательную, сердечно-сосудистую и репродуктивную. Несмотря на достигнутый прогресс в изучении МП и НП, не до конца выяснены механизмы их токсического воздействия, последствий долгосрочного воздействия и взаимодействия с другими химическими соединениями.

Заключение

Заключение. Необходимо активизировать научные изыскания, разработать более совершенные методы обнаружения НП и МП, внедрить действенные стратегии по снижению негативных последствий как на локальном, так и на глобальном уровнях. Подчёркивается также необходимость разработки эффективной государственной политики, обновления нормативных документов, повышения экологической грамотности населения и пересмотра моделей потребления, что позволит сократить объёмы производства пластика и способствовать развитию циклической экономики. Только посредством согласованных действий правительств, промышленных предприятий, научного сообщества и граждан можно будет эффективно решить эту задачу, обеспечив защиту здоровья людей и безопасность планеты.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Лукин А.А. – написание текста; Газеев И.Р. – концепция обзора; Гизатова Г.Ф. – составление резюме, редактирование; Латыпова Г.Ф. – обработка данных. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Поступила

Поступила: 07.07.2025 / Принята к печати: 15.10.2025 / Опубликована: 14.11.2025

This review aims to consolidate information on the mechanisms of interaction between microplastics and living organisms and analyze the impact of these processes on health. For this review, relevant scientific reports were found through an online search in the bibliographic resources Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.

Accumulated scientific research convincingly demonstrates micro- and nanoplastics to represent an increasingly serious problem for the environment and human health, requiring a comprehensive and multifaceted consideration. Their widespread occurrence in natural systems and the human body and their unique physicochemical properties, distinguish them as an emerging pollutant that can have a significant adverse impact on various organs and systems, including the endocrine, nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. Despite the progress made in their study, significant gaps in understanding remain, especially with regard to the mechanisms of toxic effects, the effects of long-term exposure and interactions with other chemical compounds.

Conclusion

Conclusion. There is a need to intensify scientific research, develop better detection methods and implement effective strategies to reduce adverse impacts at both local and global levels. There is also emphasized the need to develop effective public policies, update regulations, improve environmental awareness and revise consumption patterns, which will reduce plastic production and promote the development of a circular economy. Only through concerted action by governments, industry, the scientific community, and citizens will it be possible to effectively address this problem, ensuring the protection of human health and the preservation of the planet.

Contribution

Contribution: Lukin A.A. — writing the article; Gazeev I.R. — review concept; Gizatova N.V. — compiling a summary, literary processing; Latypova G.F. — data processing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: July 7, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025

микропластикнанопластикздоровьерискипластикэкологияобзорmicroplasticnanoplastichealthrisksplasticecologyreviewReferencesAkanyange S.N., Lyu X., Zhao X., Li X., Zhang Y., Crittenden J.C., et al. Does microplastic really represent a threat? A review of the atmospheric contamination sources and potential impacts. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 777: 146020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146020Akanyange S.N., Lyu X., Zhao X., Li X., Zhang Y., Crittenden J.C., et al. Does microplastic really represent a threat? A review of the atmospheric contamination sources and potential impacts. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 777: 146020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146020Shen M., Zeng Z., Song B., Yi H., Hu T., Zhang Y., et al. Neglected microplastics pollution in global COVID-19: Disposable surgical masks. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 790: 148130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148130Shen M., Zeng Z., Song B., Yi H., Hu T., Zhang Y., et al. Neglected microplastics pollution in global COVID-19: Disposable surgical masks. Sci. Total. Environ. 2021; 790: 148130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148130Lehner R., Weder C., Petri-Fink A., Rothen-Rutishauser B. Emergence of nanoplastic in the environment and possible impact on human health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019; 53(4): 1748–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05512Lehner R., Weder C., Petri-Fink A., Rothen-Rutishauser B. Emergence of nanoplastic in the environment and possible impact on human health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2019; 53(4): 1748–65. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05512Castañeta G., Gutiérrez A.F., Nacaratte F., Manzano C.A. Microplásticos: un contaminante que crece en todas las esferas ambientales, sus características y posibles riesgos para la salud pública por exposición. Rev. Boliv. Quím. 2020; 37(3): 160–75. https://doi.org/10.34098/2078-3949.37.3.4Castañeta G., Gutiérrez A.F., Nacaratte F., Manzano C.A. Microplásticos: un contaminante que crece en todas las esferas ambientales, sus características y posibles riesgos para la salud pública por exposición. Rev. Boliv. Quím. 2020; 37(3): 160–75. https://doi.org/10.34098/2078-3949.37.3.4Kim Y., Jeong J., Lee S., Choi I., Choi J. Identification of adverse outcome pathway related to high-density polyethylene microplastics exposure: Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor RNAi screening and zebrafish study. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020; 388: 121725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121725Kim Y., Jeong J., Lee S., Choi I., Choi J. Identification of adverse outcome pathway related to high-density polyethylene microplastics exposure: Caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor RNAi screening and zebrafish study. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020; 388: 121725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121725Zhu L., Zhu J., Zuo R., Xu Q., Qian Y., An L. Identification of microplastics in human placenta using laser direct infrared spectroscopy. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023; 856(Pt. 1): 159060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159060Zhu L., Zhu J., Zuo R., Xu Q., Qian Y., An L. Identification of microplastics in human placenta using laser direct infrared spectroscopy. Sci. Total. Environ. 2023; 856(Pt. 1): 159060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159060Flaws J., Damdimopoulou P., Patisaul H.B., Gore A., Raetzman L., Vandenberg L.N. Plastics, EDCs & Health: a guide for public interest organizations and policy-makers on endocrine disrupting chemicals & plastics. Endocrine Society and IPEN; 2020.Flaws J., Damdimopoulou P., Patisaul H.B., Gore A., Raetzman L., Vandenberg L.N. Plastics, EDCs & Health: a guide for public interest organizations and policy-makers on endocrine disrupting chemicals & plastics. Endocrine Society and IPEN; 2020.Bayo J., Baeza-Martínez C., González-Pleiter M., García-Pachón E., López-Castellanos J., Doval M., et al. Respiramos plástico: detección de microplásticos en el sistema respiratorio humano. Rev. Salud. Ambient. 2024; 24(1): 107–16.Bayo J., Baeza-Martínez C., González-Pleiter M., García-Pachón E., López-Castellanos J., Doval M., et al. Respiramos plástico: detección de microplásticos en el sistema respiratorio humano. Rev. Salud. Ambient. 2024; 24(1): 107–16.Zheng H., Vidili G., Casu G., Navarese E.P., Sechi L.A., Chen Y. Microplastics and nanoplastics in cardiovascular disease – a narrative review with worrying links. Front. Toxicol. 2024; 6: 1479292. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2024.1479292Zheng H., Vidili G., Casu G., Navarese E.P., Sechi L.A., Chen Y. Microplastics and nanoplastics in cardiovascular disease – a narrative review with worrying links. Front. Toxicol. 2024; 6: 1479292. https://doi.org/10.3389/ftox.2024.1479292Anand U., Dey S., Bontempi E., Ducoli S., Vethaak A.D., Dey A., et al. Biotechnological methods to remove microplastics: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2023; 21(3): 1787–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01552-4Anand U., Dey S., Bontempi E., Ducoli S., Vethaak A.D., Dey A., et al. Biotechnological methods to remove microplastics: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2023; 21(3): 1787–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01552-4Veluru S., Ramakrishna S. Biotechnological approaches: degradation and valorization of waste plastic to promote the circular economy. Circular. Economy. 2024; 3(1): 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cec.2024.100077Veluru S., Ramakrishna S. Biotechnological approaches: degradation and valorization of waste plastic to promote the circular economy. Circular. Economy. 2024; 3(1): 100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cec.2024.100077Bennett E.R., Panagiotakis I. Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process. Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management. Cham: Springer; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4Bennett E.R., Panagiotakis I. Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process. Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management. Cham: Springer; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4Song J., Cui S., Li P., Mingrui L. Progress on ecotoxicological effects of microplastics loaded pollutants. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2018; 186(3): 012027.Song J., Cui S., Li P., Mingrui L. Progress on ecotoxicological effects of microplastics loaded pollutants. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2018; 186(3): 012027.Burghardt T.E., Pashkevich A., Babić D., Mosböck H., Babić D., Żakowska L. Microplastics and road markings: the role of glass beads and loss estimation. Transp. Res. D. Transp. Environ. 2022; 102: 103123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103123Burghardt T.E., Pashkevich A., Babić D., Mosböck H., Babić D., Żakowska L. Microplastics and road markings: the role of glass beads and loss estimation. Transp. Res. D. Transp. Environ. 2022; 102: 103123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103123Mason S.A., Welch V.G., Neratko J. Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water. Front. Chem. 2018; 6: 407. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00407Mason S.A., Welch V.G., Neratko J. Synthetic polymer contamination in bottled water. Front. Chem. 2018; 6: 407. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2018.00407Zhou G., Wu Q., Tang P., Chen Ch., Cheng X., Wei X.F., et al. How many microplastics do we ingest when using disposable drink cups? J. Hazard. Mater. 2023; 441: 129982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129982 https://elibrary.ru/bscmekZhou G., Wu Q., Tang P., Chen Ch., Cheng X., Wei X.F., et al. How many microplastics do we ingest when using disposable drink cups? J. Hazard. Mater. 2023; 441: 129982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129982 https://elibrary.ru/bscmekAnderson A.G., Grose J., Pahl S., Thompson R.C., Wyles K.J. Microplastics in personal care products: Exploring perceptions of environmentalists, beauticians and students. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016; 113(1–2): 454–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.048Anderson A.G., Grose J., Pahl S., Thompson R.C., Wyles K.J. Microplastics in personal care products: Exploring perceptions of environmentalists, beauticians and students. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016; 113(1–2): 454–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.048De Falco F., Di Pace E., Cocca M., Avella M. The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 6633. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43023-xDe Falco F., Di Pace E., Cocca M., Avella M. The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution. Sci. Rep. 2019; 9(1): 6633. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43023-xHussain K.A., Romanova S., Okur I., Zhang D., Kuebler J., Huang X., et al. Assessing the Release of Microplastics and Nanoplastics from Plastic Containers and Reusable Food Pouches: Implications for Human Health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023; 57(26): 9782–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01942Hussain K.A., Romanova S., Okur I., Zhang D., Kuebler J., Huang X., et al. Assessing the Release of Microplastics and Nanoplastics from Plastic Containers and Reusable Food Pouches: Implications for Human Health. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023; 57(26): 9782–92. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c01942Yin J., Ju Y., Qian H., Wang J., Miao X., Zhu Y., et al. Nanoplastics and microplastics may be damaging our livers. Toxics. 2022; 10(10): 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100586Yin J., Ju Y., Qian H., Wang J., Miao X., Zhu Y., et al. Nanoplastics and microplastics may be damaging our livers. Toxics. 2022; 10(10): 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100586Molina E., Benedé S. Is there evidence of health risks from exposure to micro- and nanoplastics in foods? Front. Nutr. 2022; 9: 910094. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.910094Molina E., Benedé S. Is there evidence of health risks from exposure to micro- and nanoplastics in foods? Front. Nutr. 2022; 9: 910094. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.910094Schwarzfischer M., Rogler G. The intestinal barrier – shielding the body from nano- and microparticles in our diet. Metabolites. 2022; 12(3): 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030223Schwarzfischer M., Rogler G. The intestinal barrier – shielding the body from nano- and microparticles in our diet. Metabolites. 2022; 12(3): 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030223Zhao B., Rehati P., Yang Z., Cai Z., Guo C., Li Y. The potential toxicity of microplastics on human health. Sci. Total. Environ. 2024; 912: 168946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168946Zhao B., Rehati P., Yang Z., Cai Z., Guo C., Li Y. The potential toxicity of microplastics on human health. Sci. Total. Environ. 2024; 912: 168946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168946Ali N., Katsouli J., Marczylo E.L., Gant T.W., Wright S., Bernardino de la Serna J. The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans. EBioMedicine. 2024; 99: 104901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104901Ali N., Katsouli J., Marczylo E.L., Gant T.W., Wright S., Bernardino de la Serna J. The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans. EBioMedicine. 2024; 99: 104901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104901Blackburn K., Green D. The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown. Ambio. 2022; 51(3): 518–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01589-9Blackburn K., Green D. The potential effects of microplastics on human health: What is known and what is unknown. Ambio. 2022; 51(3): 518–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01589-9Zhang D., Wu C., Liu Y., Li W., Li S., Peng L., et al. Microplastics are detected in human gallstones and have the ability to form large cholesterol-microplastic heteroaggregates. J. Hazard. Mater. 2024; 467: 133631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133631Zhang D., Wu C., Liu Y., Li W., Li S., Peng L., et al. Microplastics are detected in human gallstones and have the ability to form large cholesterol-microplastic heteroaggregates. J. Hazard. Mater. 2024; 467: 133631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133631Martin-Folgar R., González-Caballero M.C., Torres-Ruiz M., Cañas-Portilla A.I., de Alba González M., Liste I., et al. Molecular effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on human neural stem cells. PLoS One. 2024; 19(1): e0295816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295816Martin-Folgar R., González-Caballero M.C., Torres-Ruiz M., Cañas-Portilla A.I., de Alba González M., Liste I., et al. Molecular effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on human neural stem cells. PLoS One. 2024; 19(1): e0295816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295816Bonanomi M., Salmistraro N., Porro D., Pinsino A., Colangelo A.M., Gaglio D. Polystyrene micro and nano-particles induce metabolic rewiring in normal human colon cells: A risk factor for human health. Chemosphere. 2022; 303(Pt. 1): 134947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134947Bonanomi M., Salmistraro N., Porro D., Pinsino A., Colangelo A.M., Gaglio D. Polystyrene micro and nano-particles induce metabolic rewiring in normal human colon cells: A risk factor for human health. Chemosphere. 2022; 303(Pt. 1): 134947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134947Chen Z., Li Y., Xia H., Wang Y., Pang S., Ma C., et al. Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics increased the chemosensitivity of normal human liver cells via ABC transporter inhibition. Sci. Total. Environ. 2024; 912: 169050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169050Chen Z., Li Y., Xia H., Wang Y., Pang S., Ma C., et al. Chronic exposure to polystyrene microplastics increased the chemosensitivity of normal human liver cells via ABC transporter inhibition. Sci. Total. Environ. 2024; 912: 169050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169050

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.