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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-10-1341-1348</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">uifrsv</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5233</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Нестабильность генома и клеточная гибель при действии фунгицида из класса фталимидов на лимфоциты человека in vitro</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Genome instability and cell death under the action of the fungicide from the phthalimide class on human lymphocytes in vitro</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4748-8771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Ольга Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр. отд. генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: egorova.ov@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), leading researcher, Department of genetic toxicology, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: egorova.ov@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorova.ov@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-9288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котнова</surname><given-names>Алина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotnova</surname><given-names>Alina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kotnova.ap@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), senior researcher, Department of genetic toxicology of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kotnova.ap@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kotnova.ap@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0028-2522</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горенская</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorenskaya</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, доцент, ст. науч. сотр. отд. генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: gorenskaya.ov@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), docent, senior researcher, Department of genetic toxicology of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: gorenskaya.ov@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gorenskaya.ov@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2973-8776</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аверьянова</surname><given-names>Наталья Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Averyanova</surname><given-names>Natalia S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: averyanova.ns@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), senior researcher, Department of genetic toxicology of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: averyanova.ns@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">averyanova.ns@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9122-9465</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илюшина</surname><given-names>Наталия Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyushina</surname><given-names>Nataliya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. отд. генетической токсикологии ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ilushina.na@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), head, Department of genetic toxicology, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilushina.na@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilushina.na@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1341</fpage><lpage>1348</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Егорова О.В., Котнова А.П., Горенская О.В., Аверьянова Н.С., Илюшина Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Егорова О.В., Котнова А.П., Горенская О.В., Аверьянова Н.С., Илюшина Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Egorova O.V., Kotnova A.P., Gorenskaya O.V., Averyanova N.S., Ilyushina N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5233">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5233</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Исследования генотоксической активности каптана in vitro демонстрируют противоречивые результаты, свидетельствующие как о наличии, так и об отсутствии его ДНК-повреждающей активности. Типы повреждений ДНК, индуцированные каптаном, до настоящего времени окончательно не изучены.</p><p>Цель работы – исследование гено- и цитотоксических эффектов каптана с помощью метода ДНК-комет и ферментов репарации ДНК, а также анализа разных форм гибели лимфоцитов периферической крови.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Оценку генотоксических эффектов каптана проводили в условиях in vitro на лимфоцитах человека с использованием модифицированного метода ДНК-комет, в который включали стадию обработки микропрепаратов ферментами репарации ДНК (АРЕ1, Fpg, ENDO III (Nth), USER III, OGG1, hAAG1 и T4 PDG). Анализ форм гибели лимфоцитов в присутствии каптана оценивали с помощью автоматического флуоресцентного клеточного анализатора.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Исследование динамики накопления повреждений ДНК выявило статистически значимое увеличение по сравнению с контролем уровня повреждений ДНК после инкубации лимфоцитов в течение 15–120 мин с каптаном в концентрациях 5–25 мкг/мл в отсутствие метаболической активации. Показана зависимость эффекта от концентрации пестицида и времени инкубации. Анализ спектра повреждений ДНК с помощью модифицированного метода ДНК-комет показал, что в условиях in vitro при действии каптана наряду с разрывами в молекуле ДНК регистрируются окислённые основания, АР-сайты и урацил. Экспозиция каптаном приводила к развитию цитотоксических эффектов, сопровождающихся статистически значимым снижением доли жизнеспособных клеток, ростом доли клеток в раннем и позднем апоптозе, некрозе. Наблюдаемые эффекты зависели от концентрации каптана в среде и времени экспозиции. По прошествии трёх часов инкубации после воздействия 25 мкг/мл каптана суммарная доля апоптотических клеток достигала 57%, доля некротических клеток – 6%, содержание в среде жизнеспособных лимфоцитов находилось на уровне 37%.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование ограничено оценкой цитотоксичности и генотоксичности фунгицида из класса фталимидов в условиях in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Экспозиция каптаном в условиях in vitro приводила к образованию разрывов ДНК, окислённых оснований, АР-сайтов и дезаминированию цитозина. Преобладающим типом гибели лимфоцитов вследствие действия каптана in vitro являлся апоптоз.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование с участием добровольцев одобрено Этическим комитетом ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 1 от 29.09.2020 г.). Все участники дали информированное добровольное письменное согласие на участие в исследовании.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Егорова О.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, анализ результатов, написание текста; Котнова А.П., Горенская О.В., Аверьянова Н.С. – сбор и обработка материала, редактирование; Илюшина Н.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, анализ результатов, написание текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания (номер регистрации 121090800086-7).</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 07.08.2025 / Принята к печати: 15.10.2025 / Опубликована: 14.11.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The studies of captan genotoxicity in vitro show inconsistent findings, suggesting both the presence and absence of its capacity to induce DNA damage. The specific types of DNA lesions caused by captan remain unclear. </p></sec><sec><title>The aim of this work</title><p>The aim of this work. To study the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of captan using the enzyme-modified DNA-comet assay, along with an assessment of different forms of cell death in peripheral blood lymphocytes.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Genotoxic effects of captan were studied in vitro on human lymphocytes using a modified protocol of the DNA-comet technique that included the treatment of gel slides with DNA repair enzymes (APE1, Fpg, ENDO III (Nth), USER III, OGG1, hAAG1, and T4 PDG). Analysis of lymphocyte death forms in response to captan exposure was carried out using an automated fluorescent cell analyzer.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Study of the trend in DNA lesion accumulation revealed a statistically significant increase in the DNA damage levels compared to the concurrent controls after incubation of lymphocytes for 15–120 minutes with captan at the concentrations ranging from 5 to 25 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation. The effect was found to depend on the pesticide concentration and the incubation time. Analysis of the types of DNA alterations using a modified DNA-comet assay revealed that, in addition to DNA strand breaks, oxidized bases, AP-sites, and uracil are also formed after captan exposure in vitro. Treatment of lymphocytes with captan resulted in cytotoxic effects characterized by a statistically significant decrease in viable cell proportions, increase in fractions of early and late apoptotic cells, and necrosis. These effects were dependent on the concentration of captan and exposure duration. After 3 hours of exposure to 25 µg/mL captan, the total proportion of apoptotic cells reached 57%, the proportion of necrotic cells was 6%, and the level of viable lymphocytes was 37%.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study focuses exclusively on assessing the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of captan.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In vitro exposure of captan induces to the formation of DNA breaks, oxidized bases, AP-sites, and cytosine deamination. Apoptosis was the predominated type of lymphocyte death due to the effect of captan in vitro.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene. F.F. Erisman” of Rospotrebnadzor (Protocol No. 1, September 29, 2020). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Egorova O.V. – concept and design of the study; collecting and processing of material; analysis of the results; writing the text; Kotnova A.P., Gorenskaya O.V., Averianova N.S. – the collection and processing of material; Ilyushina N.A. – concept and design of the study; analysis of the results; writing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interests</title><p>Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The work was carried out within the framework of state assignment (No. 121090800086-7).</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: August 7, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фталимиды</kwd><kwd>метод ДНК-комет in vitro</kwd><kwd>ферменты репарации ДНК</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>некроз</kwd><kwd>лимфоциты человека</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phthalimides</kwd><kwd>DNA-comet assay in vitro</kwd><kwd>DNA repair enzymes</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>necrosis</kwd><kwd>human lymphocytes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon E.B., Krieger R., ed. Captan and folpet. In: Hayes’ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Elsevier; 2010: 1915–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon E.B., Krieger R., ed. Captan and folpet. 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