medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-10-1349-1355veuayhmedlit-5234Research ArticleПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕPREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATIONЭкспериментальное исследование механизма действия и сравнительная оценка токсичности цинксодержащих нано- и микрочастиц при подострой ингаляционной экспозицииExperimental study of the mechanism of action and comparative assessment of the toxicity of zinc-containing nano- and microparticles under subacute inhalation exposurehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145ЗайцеваНина ВладимировнаZaitsevaNina V.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru

DSc (Medicine), professor, academician of the RAS, scientific director, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru

znv@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-9613ЗемляноваМарина АлександровнаZemlyanovaMarina A.

Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. биохимических и цитогенетических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: zem@fcrisk.ru

DSc (Medicine), professor, head, Department of biochemical and cytogenetic diagnostic methods, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: zem@fcrisk.ru

zem@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-7682СтепанковМарк СергеевичStepankovMark S.

Мл. науч. сотр., аспирант ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: stepankov@fcrisk.ru

Junior researcher, postgraduate student, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: stepankov@fcrisk.ru

stepankov@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8050-7674ПустоваловаОльга ВасильевнаPustovalovaOl’ga V.

Зав. лаб. биохимической и наносенсорной диагностики отд. биохимических и цитогенетических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: pustovalova@fcrisk.ru

Head, Biochemical and nanosensor diagnostics laboratory, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: pustovalova@fcrisk.ru

pustovalova@fcrisk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-3477НиколаеваАлёна ЕвгеньевнаNikolaevaAlena E.

Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. методов элементного анализа ФБУН «ФНЦМПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия

e-mail: alena.nikolaeva95@yandex.ru

Junior researcher, Elemental analysis laboratory, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation

e-mail: alena.nikolaeva95@yandex.ru

alena.nikolaeva95@yandex.ruФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения»РоссияFederal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management TechnologiesRussian FederationФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения»; ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»РоссияFederal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies; Perm State National Research UniversityRussian Federation2025171120251041013491355Copyright © Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Степанков М.С., Пустовалова О.В., Николаева А.Е., 20252025Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Степанков М.С., Пустовалова О.В., Николаева А.Е.Zaitseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Stepankov M.S., Pustovalova O.V., Nikolaeva A.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5234Введение

Введение. Крупнотоннажное производство цинксодержащих наночастиц в виде оксидов, сплавов с медью (латунь), алюминием, магнием и другими металлами и широкое применение этих материалов повышают вероятность экспозиции населения, что увеличивает риск развития новых или более выраженных негативных эффектов по сравнению с микрочастицами.

Цель работы – исследование особенностей механизма действия и сравнительная оценка токсичности цинксодержащих нано- и микрочастиц при подострой ингаляционной экспозиции в эксперименте на примере ZnO.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Проведена сравнительная оценка химических и физических свойств наночастиц (НЧ) и микрочастиц (МЧ) ZnO, особенностей их биораспределения, накопления и токсического действия при подострой ингаляционной экспозиции в концентрации 0.5 мг/м3 в эксперименте на крысах.

Результаты

Результаты. При сходном химическом составе НЧ ZnO отличаются от МЧ (до 1 млн раз) по физическим показателям, поэтому уровень их накопления выше (до 1,3 раза), а перечень органов, подверженных накоплению, – шире. НЧ вызывают более выраженное (до 2,5 раза относительно МЧ) изменение биохимических и гематологических показателей крови, патоморфологические изменения в головном мозге, лёгких и печени, нарушения поведенческих реакций (в 1,5 раза относительно МЧ).

Ограничения исследования

Ограничения исследования. Исследование выполнено только при подострой ингаляционной экспозиции на самках крыс линии Wistar.

Заключение

Заключение. НЧ ZnO обладают отличными от МЧ физическими свойствами, что обусловливает повышенное бионакопление и большее число органов биораспределения. При воздействии НЧ сильнее выражены окислительный стресс, цитолиз, угнетение тромбоцитопоэза, нарушение синтеза мочевины, дисбаланс нейромедиаторов, диспротеинемия, нарушение кровообращения в тканях лёгких и головного мозга, воспалительные изменения паренхимы печени, развитие стрессовой реакции. Полученные результаты позволят повысить эффективность научно обоснованных мер профилактики, направленных на минимизацию рисков для здоровья населения, при аэрогенной экспозиции цинксодержащими наноматериалами.

Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование выполнено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией по защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментальных или в иных научных целях (ETS № 123) и требованиями этического комитета ФНЦ Медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения (протокол № 3 от 14.02.2023 г.).

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Зайцева Н.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования; Землянова М.А. – обработка материала, редактирование; Степанков М.С. – сбор материала, обработка материала, написание текста; Пустовалова О.В. – сбор и обработка материала; Николаева А.Е. – сбор и обработка материала. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование выполнено за счёт федерального бюджета.

Поступила

Поступила: 22.07.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 29.08.2025 / Принята к печати: 15.10.2025 / Опубликована: 14.11.2025

Introduction

Introduction. Zinc-containing nanoparticles in oxides, alloys with copper (brass), aluminum, magnesium, and other metals are produced in large volumes and applied in many spheres. This increases likelihood of exposure to them for the general population thereby creating elevated risks of new or more pronounced adverse effects in comparison with those produced by exposure to their micro-sized analogues.

The aim of this study

The aim of this study. To analyze pathways specificity and comparatively assess toxicity of zinc-containing nanoparticles against micro-sized ones upon experimental sub-acute inhalation exposure exemplified by ZnO.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. We comparatively assessed chemical and physical properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and microsized particles (MPs), peculiarities of their biological distribution, accumulation, and toxic effects upon sub-acute inhalation exposure in the concentration equal to 0.5 mg/m3 in an experiment on rats.

Results

Results. ZnO NPs and MPs have similar chemical composition but there is a huge difference (up to one million times) in physical properties. Due to it, NPs accumulate in a wider range of organs in higher concentrations (up to 1.3 times higher). NPs produce more pronounced (up to 2.5 times more against MPs) changes in biochemical and hematological indices of blood. We identified more pronounced pathomorphological changes in the brain, lungs, and the liver. The rats exposed to NPs tended to have change in behavioral response (1.5 times against those exposed to MPs).

Limitations

Limitations. The study involved only sub-acute inhalation exposure simulated for female Wistar rats.

Conclusion

Conclusion. ZnO NPs and MPs have very different physical properties; NP peculiarities determine a wider range of organs for biodistribution and more intensive bioaccumulation. Exposure to NPs produces more pronounced adverse effects such as oxidative stress, cytolysis, inhibited thrombocytopoiesis, disrupted urea synthesis, imbalance of neuromediators, dysproteinemia; disrupted circulation in lung and brain tissues, inflammatory changes in liver parenchyma; developing stress reactions. Our findings allow developing more effective scientifically grounded preventive measures aimed at minimizing health risks upon airborne exposure to zinc-containing nanomaterials.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was accomplished in conformity with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and requirements of the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the Meeting Protocol No. 3 dated February 14, 2023).

Contributions

Contributions: Zaitseva N.V. — study concept and design; Zemlyanova М.А. — data analysis and editing the text; Stepankov М.S. — data collection and analysis, writing the text; Pustovalova О.V. — data collection and analysis; Nikolaeva А.Е. — data collection and analysis. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study was funded from the Federal Budget.

Received

Received: July 22, 2025 / Revised: August 29, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.