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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-11-1504-1511</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">fipswy</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5300</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОЦЕНКА РИСКОВ ДЛЯ ЗДОРОВЬЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вклад факторов неопределённости в оценку риска негативного воздействия водного химического загрязнения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the contribution of uncertainty factors to the risk assessment of the adverse impact of water chemical pollution</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0422-8382</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеева</surname><given-names>Анна Венидиктовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseeva</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, начальник отд. гигиены, ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: AAlekseeva@cspmz.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), head, Department of hygiene. Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: AAlekseeva@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">AAlekseeva@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-8014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рахманин</surname><given-names>Юрий Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakhmanin</surname><given-names>Yuriy A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, гл. науч. сотр. ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: awme@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, academician of the RAS, Chief scientific adviser of the Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: awme@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">awme@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3112-0980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышева</surname><given-names>Алла Георгиевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malysheva</surname><given-names>Alla G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, профессор, вед. науч. сотр. ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: AMalysheva@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biology), professor, leading researcher, Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: AMalysheva@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">AMalysheva@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт экологии человека и гигиены окружающей среды имени А.Н. Сысина ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical biological agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт экологии человека и гигиены окружающей среды имени А.Н. Сысина ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства; ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene named after A.N. Sysin, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical biological agency of Russia; Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1504</fpage><lpage>1511</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Алексеева А.В., Рахманин Ю.А., Малышева А.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алексеева А.В., Рахманин Ю.А., Малышева А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alekseeva A.V., Rakhmanin Y.A., Malysheva A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5300">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5300</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Оценка риска, связанного с воздействием химических веществ, для здоровья человека – важнейшая составляющая современной профилактической медицины и экологической политики. Однако любая модель оценки риска опирается на ряд допущений, упрощений и ограниченные данные. Именно поэтому возникает проблема факторов неопределённости, многие из которых часто остаются за пределами стандартных расчётов. Их неучитываемый вклад может привести к существенному занижению, реже – к завышению реального риска, что ставит под угрозу эффективность управленческих решений по защите здоровья населения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выполнены химико-аналитические исследования для идентификации веществ, загрязняющих воды различных типов. Составление рядов сравнения химических веществ и анализ полученных результатов проводили по методике Крамера, в том числе с помощью метода порога токсикологической опасности (ПТО) [англ. Threshold of Toxicological Concern (ТТС)].</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Подтверждена основная проблема систем централизованного водоснабжения региона – обеспечение соответствующего нормативам качества питьевой воды при очистке маломинерализованных вод с высоким содержанием природных органических соединений. Показано, что питьевая вода в распределительной сети города Н Мурманской области не отвечает требованиям безопасности по содержанию хлороформа (превышение ПДК в 1,5 раза) и 3-хлорбутанола-2 (превышение ПТО в 3,5 раза).</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Применение метода ПТО возможно только в научных целях.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Принцип ПТО предлагает рациональный подход к управлению рисками химических веществ, в отношении которых отсутствует полная токсикологическая информация. Он устанавливает безопасный для человека уровень экспозиции, ниже которого риск негативных эффектов считается пренебрежимо малым даже при отсутствии полных данных о конкретном соединении. Таким образом, принцип ПТО даёт инструмент для сравнительной оценки разных источников воды или технологий очистки по интегральному показателю химической безопасности, снижая токсикологическую неопределённость и предоставляя конкретные количественные ориентиры для дальнейшего регулирования.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Алексеева А.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, сбор материала и обработка данных, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи; Рахманин Ю.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи; Малышева А.Г. – написание текста, сбор материала и обработка данных, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследования проведены в рамках государственного задания ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 14.10.2025 / Принята к печати: 03.11.2025 / Опубликована: 19.12.2025</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Assessing the human health risks associated with exposure to chemicals is the foundation of modern preventive medicine and environmental policy. However, any risk assessment model relies on a number of assumptions, simplifications, and limited data. This is where the problem of “uncertainty factors” arises, many of which are often left outside the scope of standard calculations. Unaccounted for, their contribution can lead to a significant underestimation or, less commonly, overestimation of the actual risk, jeopardizing the effectiveness of management decisions and the protection of public health.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Chemico-analytical studies were aimed at identifying a wide range of pollutants in various types of water. The comparison of chemical substances and the analysis of the obtained results were performed using the Kramer method, including the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The conducted studies confirmed the primary challenge for the centralized water supply systems in the region to be producing drinking water that meets regulatory standards when treating low-mineralized water with a high content of natural organic compounds. The findings demonstrate the drinking water in the distribution network of the city of N. in the Murmansk Region to be unsafe. This is due to both the chloroform content, which exceeds the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) by 1.5 times, and the level of 3-chlorobutan-2-ol, which surpasses the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) by 3.5 times.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The use of the TTC method is currently only possible for scientific purposes.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The TTC principle offers a rational approach to managing the risks of chemical substances for which complete toxicological information is lacking. It establishes a level of human exposure considered safe, below which the risk of adverse effects is deemed negligible, even in the absence of full data on the specific compound. Thus, the TTC principle provides a tool for the comparative assessment of different water sources or treatment technologies based on an integral indicator of chemical safety. This approach reduces toxicological uncertainty and provides specific quantitative benchmarks for further regulatory action.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Alekseeva A.V. – concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting material and processing data, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; Rakhmanin Yu.A. – concept and design of the study, editing; Malysheva A.G. – writing the text, collecting material and processing data. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: October 14, 2025 / Accepted: November 3, 2025 / Published: December 19, 2025</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>факторы неопределённости</kwd><kwd>оценка риска</kwd><kwd>порог токсикологической опасности</kwd><kwd>водоснабжение</kwd><kwd>питьевая вода</kwd><kwd>продукты дезинфекции</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>uncertainty factors</kwd><kwd>risk assessment</kwd><kwd>toxicological hazard threshold</kwd><kwd>water supply</kwd><kwd>drinking water</kwd><kwd>disinfection products</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахманин Ю.А. Загрязнение водных экосистем и проблемы качества питьевой воды. 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