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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-12-1604-1610</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">kqztph</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5331</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние различных углеводных субстратов на антагонистическую активность пробиотических штаммов Lactobacillus paracasei и Bifidobacterium longum в отношении условных патогенов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The effect of various carbohydrate sources on the antagonistic activity of probiotic strains Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum against opportunistic intestinal pathogens</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калашникова</surname><given-names>Ирина Григорьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalashnikova</surname><given-names>Irina G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аналитик 2-й категории отд. медицинской геномики ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: IGKalashnikova@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Category 2 analyst, Department of medical genomics of the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency of Russia, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: IGKalashnikova@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">IGKalashnikova@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-2003</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Некрасова</surname><given-names>Александра Игоревна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nekrasova</surname><given-names>Alexandra I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Вед. аналитик категории отд. медицинской геномики ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Akinshina@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading category analyst, Department of medical genomics of the Centre for Strategic Planning, of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Akinshina@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Akinshina@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9728-3075</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грицюк</surname><given-names>Ольга Вячеславовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gritsyuk</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, науч. сотр. лаб. микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Gritsyuk@cspmz.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), researcher,e Laboratory of microbiology and parasitology of the Centre for Strategic Planning, of the Federal medical and biological agency of Russia, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Gritsyuk@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Gritsyuk@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2396-9231</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федец</surname><given-names>Злата Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedets</surname><given-names>Zlata E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Laboratory of microbiology and parasitology, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9133-3665</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панькова</surname><given-names>Марина Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankova</surname><given-names>Marina N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Биолог лаб. микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: MPankova@cspmz.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Biologist, Laboratory of microbiology and parasitology, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: MPankova@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">MPankova@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4772-9686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загайнова</surname><given-names>Анжелика Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagainova</surname><given-names>Angelika V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: AZagaynova@cspmz.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), head, Laboratory of microbiology and parasitology, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency of Russia, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: azagaynova@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">AZagaynova@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-5527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жернов</surname><given-names>Юрий Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhernov</surname><given-names>Yuri V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, доцент, директор НИИ экологии человека и гигиены окружающей среды им. А.Н. Сысина ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: YZhernov@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), associate professor, director, A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: YZhernov@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">YZhernov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9495-0266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Валентин Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Valentin V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зам. директора по научно-экспериментальной работе ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Makarov@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), deputy director for scientific and experimental work, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Makarov@cspfmba.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Makarov@cspfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-8004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>Сергей Михайлович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, генеральный директор ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: yudin@cspmz.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), general director, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency of Russia, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: yudin@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yudin@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1604</fpage><lpage>1610</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Калашникова И.Г., Некрасова А.И., Грицюк О.В., Федец З.Е., Панькова М.Н., Загайнова А.В., Жернов Ю.В., Макаров В.В., Юдин С.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Калашникова И.Г., Некрасова А.И., Грицюк О.В., Федец З.Е., Панькова М.Н., Загайнова А.В., Жернов Ю.В., Макаров В.В., Юдин С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kalashnikova I.G., Nekrasova A.I., Gritsyuk O.V., Fedets Z.E., Pankova M.N., Zagainova A.V., Zhernov Y.V., Makarov V.V., Yudin S.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5331">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5331</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Углеводы, в том числе пищевые сахара и пребиотические олиго- и полисахариды, могут влиять на функциональную активность пробиотических бактерий посредством модуляции их метаболических процессов. Важным свойством пребиотиков является селективная активация эндогенных защитных популяций микрофлоры кишечника, что способствует подавлению роста патогенных и условно патогенных микроорганизмов. При этом специфичность различных пребиотических добавок по отношению к определённым экзогенным пробиотическим микроорганизмам остаётся неясной. Пробиотики могут быть компонентом многих пищевых продуктов и БАД к пище, поэтому важно понимать, как различные питательные субстраты влияют на их метаболическую и функциональную активность. Это знание позволит разрабатывать более эффективные продукты и добавки для поддержания бактериального баланса кишечника. Исследования in vitro позволяют оценить влияние отдельных компонентов на пробиотические штаммы. В настоящей работе изучено влияние различных углеводных субстратов на антагонистическую активность экзогенных пробиотических штаммов Lactobacillus paracasei и Bifidobacterium longum в отношении ряда условно патогенных микроорганизмов.</p><p>Цель исследования – оценить влияние различных углеводных субстратов, в том числе пищевых сахаров и пребиотиков, на антагонистическую активность штаммов Lactobacillus paracasei и Bifidobacterium longum в отношении условно патогенных микроорганизмов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методом двухэтапного культивирования в условиях комбинированной системы изучена антагонистическая активность двух пробиотических штаммов в отношении семи патогенных микроорганизмов в присутствии девяти различных углеводных субстратов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что пробиотические штаммы способны проявлять избирательные антагонистические свойства в отношении одного и того же патогена в зависимости от присутствия разных источников углеводов. Так, например, было выявлено, что лактоза и сахароза способствуют повышению степени антагонистической активности лактобактерий в отношении Staphylococcus aureus с умеренной на высокую относительно как безуглеводного, так и положительного контроля, содержащего глюкозу, а инулин и фруктоолигосахариды (ФОС) подавляют конкурентные свойства данного штамма относительно Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Исследуемый штамм Bifidobacterium longum проявляет умеренную антагонистическую активность в отношении E. coli и C. jejuni, однако некоторые субстраты (сахароза, маннит, инулин, хитозан) способны угнетать данное свойство. В то же время такие субстраты, как лактоза, мальтоза, сахароза, хитозан и N-ацетил-D-глюкозамин, способствуют повышению антагонистической активности с низкой до умеренной в отношении K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa и A. baumannii. На основании полученных данных можно предположить, что N-ацетил-D-глюкозамин (NAG), маннит, мальтоза и лактоза представляют интерес как субстраты, повышающие антагонистический потенциал исследуемых штаммов в отношении ряда условных патогенов in vitro.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Не проводилось совместное культивирование пробиотических штаммов и не оценивалась зависимость антагонистической активности от концентрации субстрата. Кроме того, не моделировались условия желудочно-кишечного тракта, что ограничивает экстраполяцию результатов in vitro на реальные физиологические условия.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Мы выявили существенное влияние углеводного компонента питательной среды на антагонистические свойства исследуемых пробиотических штаммов, что может в дальнейшем учитываться при разработке пробиотических композиций, синбиотиков или специализированных продуктов питания.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Участие авторов</title><p>Участие авторов: Калашникова И.Г. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, проведение исследования, написание текста; Некрасова А.И. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Грицюк О.В., Федец З.Е., Панькова М.Н. – проведение исследования, разработка методологии; Загайнова А.В. – обеспечение исследования, администрирование проекта; Жернов Ю.В., Макаров В.В. – определение концепции, привлечение финансирования, обеспечение исследования; Юдин С.М. – привлечение финансирования, обеспечение исследования. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания № 388-00154-22-00 «Создание мицеллярных пробиотиков нового поколения для направленного изменения состава микробиоты человека при хронических неинфекционных заболеваниях».</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 02.10.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 24.11.2025 / Принята к печати: 02.12.2025 / Опубликована: 15.01.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Carbohydrates, including dietary sugars and prebiotic oligo- and polysaccharides, can influence on the functional activity of probiotic bacteria by modulating their metabolic processes. An important property of prebiotics is the selective activation of endogenous protective populations of intestinal microflora, which helps to suppress the growth of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms. However, the specificity of various prebiotic supplements for specific exogenous probiotic microorganisms remains unclear. Probiotics can be components of a wide range of foods and dietary supplements, so it is important to understand how various nutritional substrates influence on their metabolic and functional activity. This knowledge will enable the development of more effective products and supplements aimed at maintaining intestinal bacterial balance. ”In vitro” studies allow evaluating the effects of individual components on probiotic strains. In this work, the effect of various carbohydrate substrates on the antagonistic activity of exogenous probiotic strains Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum against a number of opportunistic microorganisms was studied.</p><p>Objective — to study the effect of various carbohydrate substrates, including well-known prebiotics, on the antagonistic activity of probiotic strains studied against opportunistic pathogens. The choice of a carbohydrate that improves the competitive properties of probiotic strains of L. paracasei and B. longum.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The antagonistic activity of two probiotic strains against seven pathogenic microorganisms was studied in the presence of nine different carbohydrate substrates using a two-stage cultivation method in a combined system.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Probiotic strains were established to exhibit selective antagonistic properties against the same pathogen, depending on the presence of a particular carbohydrate source. For example, lactose and sucrose were found to contribute to an increase in the degree of antagonistic activity of lactobacilli against Staphylococcus aureus from moderate to high relative to the control and other substrates, and inulin and FOS suppress the competitive properties of this strain relative to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The studied strain of Bifidobacterium longum exhibits moderate antagonistic activity against E. coli and C. jejuni, however, a number of substrates (sucrose, mannitol, inulin, chitosan) are capable of inhibiting this property. At the same time, substrates such as lactose, maltose, sucrose, chitosan, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine increase antagonistic activity from low to moderate against K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa, and A.baumannii. Based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG), mannitol, maltose, and lactose are of interest as substrates that increase the antagonistic potential of the studied strains against a number of opportunistic pathogens.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Antagonistic activity in co-cultivation of probiotic strains has not been studied. It is also difficult to assess the functional properties of the studied strains depending on the prebiotic in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the effect of the concentration of carbohydrate substrates used in the work on the antagonism of target probiotic strains has not been studied.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. We have identified a significant effect of the carbohydrate component on the antagonistic properties of the probiotic strains studied, which can be further taken into account in the development of probiotic compositions, synbiotics, and functional foods.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a conclusion from the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Kalashnikova I.G. – concept and design of research, collection of material and data processing, writing text, conducting research; Nekrasova A.I. – concept and design of research, editing; Gritsyuk O.V., Fedets Z.E., Pankova M.N. – conducting research, methodology development; Zagainova A.V. – providing research, project administration; Zhernov Yu.V., Makarov V.V. – definition of the concept, attraction of financing, provision of research; Yudin S.M. – attraction of financing, provision of research. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The work was performed within the framework of the state task No. 388-00154-22-00 “Creation of micellar probiotics of a new generation for targeted changes in the composition of the human microbiota in chronic non-communicable diseases”.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: October 2, 2025 / Revised: November 24, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>антагонистическая активность</kwd><kwd>пребиотики</kwd><kwd>патогены</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>лактобактерии</kwd><kwd>бифидобактерии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>antagonistic activity</kwd><kwd>prebiotics</kwd><kwd>pathogens</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd><kwd>lactobacilli</kwd><kwd>bifidobacteria</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Servin A.L. 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