medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-12-1611-1617zrbtzvmedlit-5332Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENEРегион проживания как важнейший фактор, влияющий на формирование микробиома кишечника человека (обзор литературы)Region of residence as the most important factor influencing the formation of the human intestinal microbiome (literature review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-2003НекрасоваАлександра ИгоревнаNekrasovaAlexandra I.

Вед. аналитик категории отд. медицинской геномики ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, Москва, Россия

e-mail: Akinshina@cspfmba.ru

A leading category analyst, Department of medical genomics of the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: Akinshina@cspfmba.ru 

Akinshina@cspfmba.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-8764-3286КалашниковаИрина ГригорьевнаKalashnikovaIrina G.

Аналитик 2-й категории отд. медицинской геномики ФГБУ «ЦСП» ФМБА России, Москва, Россия

e-mail: IGKalashnikova@cspfmba.ru

A category 2 analyst, Department of medical genomics of the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: IGKalashnikova@cspfmba.ru

IGKalashnikova@cspfmba.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9495-0266МакаровВалентин ВладимировичMakarovValentin V.

Канд. биол. наук, зам. директора по научно-экспериментальной работе ФГБУ ЦСП ФМБА России, Москва, Россия

e-mail: Makarov@cspfmba.ru

PhD (Biology), deputy director for scientific and experimental work, Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: Makarov@cspfmba.ru

Makarov@cspfmba.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8734-5527ЖерновЮрий ВладимировичZhernovYuri V.

Доктор мед. наук, доцент, директор НИИ экологии человека и гигиены окружающей среды им. А.Н. Сысина ФГБУ ЦСП ФМБА России, Москва, Россия

e-mail: YZhernov@cspfmba.ru

DSс (Medicine), associate professor, director, Moscow, 119121, Russian Federation

e-mail: YZhernov@cspfmba.ru

YZhernov@cspfmba.ruФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентстваРоссияCentre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agencyRussian Federation2025190120261041216111617Copyright © Некрасова А.И., Калашникова И.Г., Макаров В.В., Жернов Ю.В., 20262026Некрасова А.И., Калашникова И.Г., Макаров В.В., Жернов Ю.В.Nekrasova A.I., Kalashnikova I.G., Makarov V.V., Zhernov Y.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5332

Известно, что микробиом желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ) оказывает существенное влияние на здоровье человека и участвует во многих метаболических процессах организма. Состав кишечной микробиоты вариабелен и зависит как от эндогенных, так и от экзогенных факторов. Региональные климатогеографические факторы, влияющие на состав микробиоты кишечника, не охарактеризованы для населения Российской Федерации (РФ). Зоной тайги заняты 39% площади России (проживает ≈ 20% населения), зонами арктической пустыни, тундры и лесотундры – 13% (≈ 1% населения), зоной смешанных лесов – 6% (≈ 30% населения), зонами лесостепей и лиственных лесов – 8% (≈ 20% населения), зоной степей – 5% (≈ 20% населения), зоной полупустынь – 1% (≈ 3% населения), зоной пустынь – 2% (≈ 6% населения). В каждой климатической зоне население испытывает влияние специфических климатических условий и имеет характерные особенности питания, поэтому при оценке состава кишечной микробиоты жителей РФ важно учитывать региональную составляющую как один из ключевых факторов, влияющих на микробиом человека. Наряду с климатогеографическими факторами на микробиом влияют культурные и социально-экономические особенности региона, что подтверждается результатами многих мировых популяционных исследований.

Цель исследования – систематизация ключевых экзогенных факторов, формирующих микробиом кишечника: географические особенности, уровень урбанизации, климатические условия, этнонациональные особенности питания. Эти составляющие специалисты учитывают при определении условной нормы состава микробиоты кишечника человека, диагностируя дисбиозы и у коренных жителей, и у пришлого населения.

Материалы исследования

Материалы исследования. Обзор сделан на основе научных исследований, опубликованных за последние 10 лет и представленных в базах данных PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science и eLIBRARY.RU.

Заключение

Заключение. В обзоре раскрыто влияние региона проживания на показатели микробиоты кишечника условно здоровых людей, проживающих в различных климатических зонах и местах с разным уровнем урбанизации, что целесообразно использовать при определении нормофлоры для жителей различных регионов Российской Федерации.

Участие авторов

Участие авторов: Некрасова А.И. – редактирование, сбор, анализ, обработка материалов, систематизация и обобщение данных литературы; Калашникова И.Г. – сбор материала и обработка данных литературы, редактирование; Макаров В.В. – редактирование, концепция и дизайн обзорно-аналитического исследования; Жернов Ю.В. – редактирование, концепция и дизайн обзорно-аналитического исследования. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки.

Поступила

Поступила: 02.10.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 18.12.2025 / Принята к печати: 19.12.2025 / Опубликована: 15.01.2026

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome is known to significantly impact on human health and be involved in many metabolic processes. The composition of the intestinal microbiota is variable and depends on both endogenous and exogenous factors. Regional climatic and geographical factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota have not been characterized for the population of the Russian Federation (RF). 39% of Russia’s area is in the taiga zone, 13% in the arctic desert, tundra, and forest-tundra zones, 6% in the mixed forest zone, 8% in the forest-steppe and deciduous forest zone, 5% in the steppe zone, 1% in the semi-desert zone, and 2% in the desert zone. Each climate zone is characterized by unique climatic conditions, so when assessing the composition of the intestinal microbiota of Russian residents, it is crucial to pay attention to the regional aspect as one of the key factors influencing on changes in the composition of the human microbiome. In addition to climatic and geographical factors, there are also cultural and socio-economic factors, which is confirmed by the results of many global population studies.

The aim of the study

The aim of the study. Systematization of key exogenous factors shaping the gut microbiome: geographic features, urbanization level, climate conditions, and ethnic and national dietary patterns. Experts consider these factors when determining the relative norm for the composition of the human gut microbiota, diagnosing dysbiosis in both indigenous and non-native populations.

Material and Methods

Material and Methods. This review is based on scientific studies published over the past ten years and presented in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLIBRARY.RU databases.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The review reveals the influence of region of residence on the intestinal microbiota parameters of relatively healthy individuals living in various climatic zones and areas with different levels of urbanization, which can be used to determine the normal flora for residents.

Contribution

Contribution: Nekrasova A.I. – text editing, collection, analysis, processing of materials, systematization and generalization of literature data; Kalashnikova I.G. – collection of material and processing of literature data, text editing; Makarov V.V. – text editing, concept and design of the review and analytical research; Zhernov Yu.V. – text editing, concept and design of the review and analytical study. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: October 2, 2025 / Revised: November 18, 2025 / Accepted: November 19, 2025 / Published: January 15, 2026

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.