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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-1-25-32</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">busmob</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5394</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиологический риск вирусных инфекций, связанных с водным путём передачи</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Microbiological risk of viral infections associated with aquatic transmission</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0088-6422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бадамшина</surname><given-names>Гульнара Галимяновна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Badamshina</surname><given-names>Gulnara G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, зав. отд. микробиологических исследований ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)» Роспотребнадзора, 420061, Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ggbadamshina@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), head, Microbiological research department at the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Kazan, 420061, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ggbadamshina@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ggbadamshina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-7447</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трухина</surname><given-names>Галина Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trukhina</surname><given-names>Galina M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. микробиологических методов исследования факторов окружающей среды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Москва, Россия</p><p>e-mail: trukhina@list.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, head of the Department of microbiological methods of environmental factors research, Federal Research Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Moscow, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: trukhina@list.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trukhina@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-563X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхутдинова</surname><given-names>Лилия Минвагизовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhutdinova</surname><given-names>Liliya M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО Казанский ГМУ Минздрава России, 420012, Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: liliya.fatkhutdinova@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, head, Department of occupational hygiene and medicine, Kazan State Medical University, 420012, Kazan, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: liliya.fatkhutdinova@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">liliya.fatkhutdinova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3542-008X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попцова</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poptsova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Главный врач ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Марий Эл» Роспотребнадзора, 424007, Йошкар-Ола, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e-poptsova@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief physician, Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Mari El, Yoshkar-ola, 424007, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e-poptsova@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e-poptsova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-0452</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гафарова</surname><given-names>Ляйсан Фаридовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafarova</surname><given-names>Lyasan F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зав. лаб. бактериологических исследований ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)» Роспотребнадзора, 420061, Казань, Россия</p><p>e-mail: gafarova.lf@rambler.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head, Laboratory of bacteriological research, Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan), Kazan, 420061, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: gafarova.lf@rambler.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gafarova.lf@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)»; ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan); Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУЗ Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Марий Эл</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Mari El</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бадамшина Г.Г., Трухина Г.М., Фатхутдинова Л.М., Попцова Е.А., Гафарова Л.Ф., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бадамшина Г.Г., Трухина Г.М., Фатхутдинова Л.М., Попцова Е.А., Гафарова Л.Ф.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Badamshina G.G., Trukhina G.M., Fatkhutdinova L.M., Poptsova E.A., Gafarova L.F.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5394">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5394</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Употребление небезопасной воды приводит к развитию некоторых вирусных инфекций. Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (2022) обозначена роль воды в передаче Enterovirus, Rotavirus, Norovirus и других вирусов.</p><p>Цель работы – изучение контаминации различных типов вод патогенными вирусами как фактора микробиологического риска заболеваемости кишечными инфекциями.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В течение 2014–2023 гг. при контрольно-надзорных и профилактических мероприятиях во всех субъектах Российской Федерации были отобраны пробы воды (n = 4 458 116) централизованного и нецентрализованного водоснабжения, поверхностных водных объектов, сточной воды. Определена контаминация воды вирусами – возбудителями кишечных инфекций и колифагами методом амплификации нуклеиновых кислот (МАНК) (Rotavirus, Adenovirus F, Norovirus, Astrovirus, Enterovirus), серологическими (гепатит А) и культуральными методами (Enterovirus, колифаги). Для оценки возможной зависимости заболеваемости от факторов контаминации воды использован линейный регрессионный анализ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Обнаружены превышения выявляемости нуклеиновых кислот вирусов по сравнению с колифагами в обеззараженной воде (p &lt; 0,05), более высокая контаминация вирусами воды нецентрализованного по сравнению с централизованным водоснабжением и водой поверхностных водоёмов (p &lt; 0,05), снижение контаминация воды поверхностных водоёмов ротавирусом, норовирусом, астровирусом, вирусом гепатита А, энтеровирусом, колифагами по сравнению со сточной водой (p &lt; 0,05). Контаминация воды централизованного водоснабжения, поверхностных водоёмов влияла на заболеваемость ротавирусной инфекцией (R² = 0,56–0,59), контаминация воды нецентрализованного водоснабжения – на заболеваемость вирусным гепатитом А (R² = 0,56).</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. При изучении заболеваемости населения Российской Федерации инфекциями с водным путём передачи использованы официальные статистические данные за 2014–2023 гг. как достаточная референтная выборка.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты исследования свидетельствуют о необходимости внедрения дополнительных технологий обеззараживания и диагностических тестов, позволяющих определить инфекционность вирусов. Включение в программы мониторинга прямого определения Rotavirus для источников поверхностного и подземного водоснабжения и ВГА для нецентрализованного водоснабжения в регионах с повышенным уровнем заболеваемости вирусными инфекциями позволит своевременно реализовать профилактические мероприятия.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов: Бадамшина Г.Г. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи; Трухина Г.М. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи; Фатхутдинова Л.М. – написание текста, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи; Попцова Е.А. – сбор и обработка материала, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи; Гафарова Л.Ф. – сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 31.10.2025 / Принята к печати: 02.12.2025 / Опубликована: 10.02.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Drinking unsafe water leads to the development of certain viral infectious diseases. The World Health Organization (2022) has identified the role of water in the transmission of Enterovirus, Rotavirus, Norovirus, and other viruses.</p><p>The aim of the work is to study the contamination of various types of waters with pathogenic viruses as a microbiological risk factor for intestinal infections.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. During 2014–2023, as part of control and preventive measures, samples (n=4,458,116) of centralized and decentralized water supply, surface water bodies, and wastewater were taken in all Russian Federation regions. Contamination of water with intestinal infection viruses and coliphages was determined by nucleic acid amplification (MANC) (Rotavirus, Adenovirus F, Norovirus, Astrovirus, Enterovirus), serological (hepatitis A) and cultural methods (Enterovirus, coliphages). Linear regression analysis was used to assess the possible relationship between water contamination factors and prevalence.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The as detected higher detectability of nucleic acids of viruses compared to coliphages in disinfected water (p&lt;0.05); higher virus contamination of non-centralized water compared to centralized water supply and surface water (p&lt;0.05); decreased contamination of surface water with rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A virus, enterovirus, coliphages compared to with waste water (p&lt;0.05). Contamination of centralized water supply and surface reservoirs affected the incidence of rotavirus infection (R2=0.56–0.59); non-centralized water supply affected the incidence of viral hepatitis A (R2 =0.56).</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. When studying the incidence in the Russian population in the transmission waterway, official statistical data for 2014–2023 were used, which is a sufficient reference sample.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The results of the study indicate the need to introduce additional disinfection technologies and diagnostic tests to determine the infectivity of viruses. The inclusion in monitoring programs of direct detection of Rotavirus for surface and underground water supply sources and HCV for non-centralized water supply in regions with an increased level of viral diseases will allow timely implementating of preventive measures.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the submission of an opinion from the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Badamshina G.G. – research concept and design, material collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; Trukhina G.M. – research concept and design, text writing, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; Fatkhutdinova L.M. – writing the text, editing, approving the final version of the article; Poptsova E.A. – collection and processing of the material; approval of the final version of the article; Gafarova L.F. – collection and processing of material; statistical data processing.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: October 31, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: February 10, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрофлора воды</kwd><kwd>вирусы</kwd><kwd>контаминация</kwd><kwd>Enterovirus</kwd><kwd>Rotavirus</kwd><kwd>Norovirus</kwd><kwd>Adenovirus F</kwd><kwd>Astrovirus</kwd><kwd>HAV</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>water microflora</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>contamination</kwd><kwd>Enterovirus</kwd><kwd>Rotavirus</kwd><kwd>Norovirus</kwd><kwd>Adenovirus F</kwd><kwd>Astrovirus</kwd><kwd>HAV</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ООН. Вода: в центре климатического кризиса. 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