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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-1-33-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">cyyhfq</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5396</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гигиенические подходы к определению безопасного уровня микропластика в воде</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygienic approaches to the safety levels identification of microplastics in water</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1969-4009</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тульская</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tulskaya</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр. отд. гигиены воды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: tulskaya.ea@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), leading researcher, Department of Water Hygiene, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, 141014, Mytishchi, Russia</p><p>e-mail: tulskaya.ea@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tulskaya.ea@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-0690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синицына</surname><given-names>Оксана Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinitsyna</surname><given-names>Oxana O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, член-корр. РАН, директор Института комплексных проблем гигиены, зам. директора по науке ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: oxsin66@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, corresponding member of the RAS, director, Institute of Complex Hygiene Problems, deputy director for science, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytischi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: oxsin66@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oxsin66@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7234-6890</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калюжин</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalyuzhin</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. гигиены воды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kalyuzhin.as@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Department of Water Hygiene, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytischi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kalyuzhin.as@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kalyuzhin.as@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0899-3505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ряшенцева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Максимовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryashentseva</surname><given-names>Tatiana M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. гигиены воды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ryashenceva.tm@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Department of Water Hygiene, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, 141014, Mytishchi, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ryashenceva.tm@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryashenceva.tm@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7668-9324</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турбинский</surname><given-names>Виктор Владиславович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turbinskiy</surname><given-names>Victor V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, зав. отд. гигиены воды, гл. науч. сотр. ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: turbinskii.vv@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), associate professor, head, Department of Water Hygiene, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytischi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: turbinskii.vv@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">turbinskii.vv@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-7447</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трухина</surname><given-names>Галина Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trukhina</surname><given-names>Galina M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. микробиологических методов исследования окружающей среды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: trukhina@list.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, head, Department of microbiological methods of environmental research, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: trukhina@list.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trukhina@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-1652</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисова</surname><given-names>Наталья Андреевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisova</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. микробиологических методов исследования окружающей среды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: borisova.na@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of microbiological methods of environmental research, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytischi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: borisova.na@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borisova.na@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5932-6350</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пушкарева</surname><given-names>Мария Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pushkareva</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, гл. науч. сотр. отд. гигиены воды ФБУН «ФНЦГ им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора, 141014, Мытищи, Россия</p><p>e-mail: pushkareva.mv@fncg.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, chief researcher, Department of Water Hygiene, Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman, Mytischi, 141014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: pushkareva.mv@fncg.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pushkareva.mv@fncg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-5099</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сыпалов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sypalov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. хим. наук, науч. сотр. Центра коллективного пользования научным оборудованием «Арктика», Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, 163002, Архангельск, Россия</p><p>e-mail: s.sipalov@narfu.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Chemistry), researcher, Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment “Arctic”, Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: s.sipalov@narfu.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s.sipalov@narfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр гигиены имени Ф.Ф. Эрисмана» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр коллективного пользования научным оборудованием «Арктика» Северного (Арктического) федерального университета имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment “Arctic” of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тульская Е.А., Синицына О.О., Калюжин А.С., Ряшенцева Т.М., Турбинский В.В., Трухина Г.М., Борисова Н.А., Пушкарева М.В., Сыпалов С.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тульская Е.А., Синицына О.О., Калюжин А.С., Ряшенцева Т.М., Турбинский В.В., Трухина Г.М., Борисова Н.А., Пушкарева М.В., Сыпалов С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tulskaya E.A., Sinitsyna O.O., Kalyuzhin A.S., Ryashentseva T.M., Turbinskiy V.V., Trukhina G.M., Borisova N.A., Pushkareva M.V., Sypalov S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5396">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5396</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Позиционирование мировым сообществом микропластика (МП) в воде в качестве нового фактора опасности для здоровья человека определило актуальность и легло в основу цели исследования – на основании данных литературы и результатов собственных санитарно-химических и санитарно-микробиологических экспериментов сформировать программу аналитических и токсикологических исследований, которые позволят обосновать показатели и критерии оценки опасности МП, необходимые для определения безопасного уровня его содержания в воде.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Материалом исследований служили гранулы первичного МП размером 5 мм из полистирола (ПС) и полиэтелентерфталата (ПЭТФ). Гранулы измельчали, микрочастицы разделяли на фракции по размерам: 0–100; 100–250 и 250–500 мкм. Поиск публикаций проводили с использованием баз данных научной литературы MedLine/PubMed/PubChem, Scopus, eLIBRARY. Использовали санитарно-бактериологические и санитарно-химические методы, метод ТФМЭ-ГХ-МС – сочетание твердофазной микроэкстракции и газовой хроматографии с масс-спектрометрическим детектированием, методы лазерной дифракции (LD) и динамического анализа изображений (DIA).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Эксперименты по определению размера микропластиковых частиц и их морфологии позволили рассматривать оптические методы (LD и DIA) как перспективные для определения МП в воде. В концентрации 100 г/л МП из ПС создавал в воде модельных водоёмов благоприятные условия для развития микроорганизмов и стимулировал процессы биохимического потребления кислорода (БПК). В хлорированных пробах с МП идентифицировано 50 веществ, из них 13 веществ являются потенциальными продуктами хлорирования МП из ПЭТФ, некоторые обладают отдалёнными эффектами токсического действия. В условиях данного эксперимента наибольшее количество веществ, площадь пика которых увеличивалась после хлорирования, наблюдали при обработке пробы с концентрацией МП 10 г/л.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Недостаточность репрезентативных данных экспериментальных исследований токсичности и опасности МП для теплокровных животных в базах научной литературы.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Сформирована программа исследований МП для обоснования показателей и критериев оценки опасности МП, необходимых для определения безопасного уровня его содержания в воде, с опорой на методологию нормирования вредных веществ в объектах окружающей среды.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике.</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов: Тульская Е.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материалов, написание текста; Синицына О.О. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование;Калюжин А.С., Ряшенцева Т.М., Борисова Н.А., Сыпалов С.А. – сбор материала, анализ данных; Турбинский В.В., Трухина Г.М., Пушкарева М.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи и ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 25.11.2025 / Принята к печати: 02.12.2025 / Опубликована: 10.02.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The international community’s positioning of microplastics (MP) in water as a new health hazard has determined the relevance and formed the basis of the research objective based on literature data and the results of own sanitary-chemical and sanitary-microbiological experiments to develop a programme of analytical and toxicological studies that will justify the indicators and criteria for assessing the danger of MP as necessary to determine its safe level in water.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The research material consisted of 5 mm granules of primary MP made of polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The granules were ground and the particles divided into fractions of 0–100, 100–250 and 250-500 µm. Publications were searched using the scientific literature databases MedLine/PubMed/PubChem, Scopus, and eLIBRARY. Sanitary-bacteriological and sanitary-chemical methods were used, as well as the TFME-GC-MS method – a combination of solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, laser diffraction (LD) and dynamic image analysis (DIA).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Experiments to determine the size and morphology of microplastic particles allowed considering optical methods, including LD and DIA, as promising for determining MP in water. In model water bodies, MP from PS at a concentration of 100 g/L created favourable conditions for the development of microorganisms and stimulated BOD processes. In chlorinated samples with MP, 50 substances were identified, 13 of which are potential products of MP chlorination from PET, some of which have long-term toxic effects. Under the conditions of this experiment, the largest number of substances whose peak area increased after chlorination was observed when treating a sample with an MP concentration of 10 g/L.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Insufficient representative data from experimental studies on the toxicity and hazard of MP for warm-blooded animals in scientific literature databases.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. An MP research programme has been developed on the base of the methodology for regulating harmful substances in environmental objects, will make it possible to establish the indicators and criteria for assessing the hazard of MP necessary to determine its safe level in water.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The trial does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Committee on Biomedical Ethics.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Tulskaya E.A. – concept and design of the study, gathering material, editing; Sinitsyna O.O. – concept and design of the study, editing; Kalyuzhin A.S., Ryashentseva T.M., Borisova N.A., Sypalov S.A. – gathering material, data analysis; Turbinsky V.V., Trukhina G.M., Pushkareva M.V. – concept and design of the study, editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: November 25, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: February 10, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микропластик</kwd><kwd>вода</kwd><kwd>гигиенические подходы</kwd><kwd>безопасные уровни</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microplastics</kwd><kwd>water</kwd><kwd>hygienic approaches</kwd><kwd>safe levels</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson R.C., Olsen Y., Mitchell R.P., Davis A., Rowland S.J., John A.W., et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? Science. 2004; 304(5672): 838. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson R.C., Olsen Y., Mitchell R.P., Davis A., Rowland S.J., John A.W., et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? 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