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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-2-118-126</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">rjaicu</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5461</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Дефицит санитарии в неформальных поселениях: взаимосвязь благополучия человека и выживания бизнеса в демократических поселениях для переселенцев в Свакопмунде в Намибии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Sanitation Deficit in Informal Settlements: Interlinking Human Well-being and Business Survival in Namibia’s DRC, Swakopmund</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-0715</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каманзи</surname><given-names>Адальбертус Фортунатус</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamanzi</surname><given-names>Adalbertus F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. наук, старший преподаватель, координатор программы магистратуры по исследованиям в области развития, Отдел общественных наук, кампус Ошакати, Университет Намибии, Ошакати, 15001, Республика Намибия</p><p>e-mail: akamznzi@unam.na</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Lecturer, Coordinator MA in Development Studies program, Oshakati Campus, University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus, Oshakati, 15001, Republic of Namibia</p><p>e-mail: akamznzi@unam.na</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akamznzi@unam.na</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапумба</surname><given-names>Сильвия</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapumba</surname><given-names>Sylvia</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Магистр в области развития, ассистент преподавателя, кампус Сэма Нуйомы, Университет Намибии, Пиониерспарк, Виндхук, 13005, Республика Намибия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MA in Development Studies, Assistant Faculty Officer, Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia, Windhoek, 13005, Republic of Namibia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шилонго</surname><given-names>Оливия М.Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shilongo</surname><given-names>Olivia M.D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакалавр высшего образования, магистр в области развития, специалист по связям с общественностью, Региональный совет Эронго, Свакопмунд, 13001, Республика Намибия</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bachelor’s degree of Adult, MA in Development Studies, Community Liaison officer, Erongo Regional Council, Private Bag 2943, Swakopmund, 13001, Republic of Namibia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Намибии<country>Намибия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">University of Namibia, Oshakati Campus<country>Namibia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Кампус Сэма Нуйомы, Университет Намибии<country>Намибия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Sam Nujoma Campus, University of Namibia<country>Namibia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Региональный совет Эронго<country>Намибия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Erongo Regional Council<country>Namibia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Каманзи А., Шапумба С., Шилонго О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каманзи А., Шапумба С., Шилонго О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kamanzi A., Shapumba S., Shilongo O.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5461">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5461</self-uri><abstract><p>Неформальные поселения в Намибии постоянно сталкиваются с проблемами санитарии, что ставит под угрозу как здоровье, так и экономическую стабильность для населения. В данной статье представлено двойное исследование демократического поселения для переселенцев (ДПП) в Свакопмунде, объединяющее два оригинальных исследовательских проекта для изучения влияния плохих санитарных условий на благополучие домохозяйств и эффективность малого бизнеса. Используя гибридную концептуальную основу, опирающуюся на теорию экологического здоровья и городскую политическую экологию, исследование анализирует качественные и количественные данные, собранные в период с 2021 по 2023 г. Результаты первого исследования показывают, что неадекватная санитарная обстановка из-за испражнений вне общественных туалетов, к которым нет доступа, не убранных отходов приводит к значительным расходам на здравоохранение, особенно для детей, и вынуждает домохозяйства направлять доходы на медицинское обслуживание и гигиенические нужды.</p><p>Второе исследование подчёркивает ограничения, связанные с санитарией, такие как нехватка воды, большие расстояния до туалетов и неприятие потребителями антисанитарных условий, что приводит к порче продукции, закрытию предприятий и повышенной уязвимости к кражам. В совокупности результаты показывают, что санитария – это не отдельная проблема общественного здравоохранения, а многомерная проблема городского развития, которая ограничивает как благополучие людей, так и экономическую производительность. В статье рекомендуется комплексная стратегия в области санитарии, возглавляемая муниципалитетами, Министерством здравоохранения и социальных служб, местными предпринимателями и общественными группами. Такая стратегия должна отдавать приоритет доступной инфраструктуре, инициативам в области санитарии, возглавляемым молодёжью, и инклюзивному политическому диалогу. В конечном итоге достижение устойчивого развития городов в Намибии требует переосмысления санитарии как права на здоровье и фактора, способствующего экономическому развитию.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Оба исследования, которые легли в основу данной статьи, были одобрены Децентрализованным этическим комитетом Университета Намибии (номера сертификатов: UNAM-DEC-HSS/07/04/2021 от 18.05.2021 г. и DEC-OSH-0025 от 17.12.2022 г.) и проводились в соответствии с общепринятыми научными принципами Хельсинкской декларации Всемирной медицинской ассоциации (в ред. 2013 г.).</p><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов: Каманзи А.Ф. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, редактирование; Шапумба С. – сбор материалов и обработка данных, редактирование; Шилонго О.М.Д. – сбор материалов и обработка данных, редактирование. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 15.06.2025 / Принята к печати: 02.12.2025 / Опубликована: 13.03.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Informal settlements in Namibia face chronic sanitation challenges that jeopardize both the health and economic stability of their residents. This article presents a dual case study of the Democratic Resettlement Community (DRC) in Swakopmund, combining two original research projects to examine how poor sanitation affects both household well-being and small business performance. Using a hybrid conceptual framework that draws on environmental health theory and urban political ecology, the study analyses qualitative and quantitative data collected between 2021 and 2023. Findings from the first study reveal that inadequate sanitation infrastructure marked by open defecation, inaccessible public toilets, and exposure to waste leads to significant health costs, particularly for children, and forces households to divert income toward medical care and hygiene needs. The second study highlights how sanitation-related limitations, such as water scarcity, long travel distances to toilets, and customer aversion to unhygienic environments, lead to product spoilage, business closures, and heightened vulnerability to theft. Together, the findings demonstrate that sanitation is not a compartmentalized public health issue but a multidimensional urban development challenge that constrains both human well-being and economic productivity. The article recommends an integrated sanitation strategy led by municipalities, the Ministry of Health and Social Services, local entrepreneurs, and community groups. Such a strategy must prioritize affordable infrastructure, youth-led sanitation initiatives, and inclusive policy dialogue. Ultimately, achieving urban sustainability in Namibia demands that sanitation be reframed as both a health right and an economic enabler.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. Both the studies that form the empirical basis for this paper were approved by the Decentralized Ethical Committee at the University of Namibia (Certificates numbers: UNAM-DEC-HSS/07/04/2021 of 18/05/2021 AND DEC-OSH-0025 of 17/12/2022) and were conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (2013 edition).</p><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Kamanzi A.F. – Concept and design of the study, writing text, editing; Shapumba S. – collection of material and data processing, editing; Shilongo O.M.D. – collection of material and data processing, editing. All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no financial support.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare the absence of obvious and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: June 15, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>санитария</kwd><kwd>неформальные поселения переселенцев</kwd><kwd>благополучие домохозяйств</kwd><kwd>малый бизнес</kwd><kwd>устойчивое развитие городов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Sanitation</kwd><kwd>informal settlements</kwd><kwd>household well-being</kwd><kwd>small business</kwd><kwd>urban sustainability</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pendleton W., Crush J., Nickanor N. The State of Urban Food Insecurity in Namibia. 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