medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-2-191-199abhjzcmedlit-5472Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ПИТАНИЯFOOD HYGIENEВлияние смеси пищевых добавок на химический состав головного мозга и когнитивные функции экспериментальных животныхThe effect of a mixture of food additives on the chemical composition of the brain and cognitive functions of experimental animalshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7957-2399СмолянкинДенис АнатольевичSmolyankinDenis A.

Науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru

Researcher, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: smolyankin.denis@yandex.ru

smolyankin.denis@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479РябоваЮлия ВладимировнаRyabovaYulia V.

Канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com

PhD (Medicine), Head, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, candidate of medical sciences, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: ryabovaiuvl@gmail.com

ryabovaiuvl@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-8180ХуснутдиноваНадежда ЮрьевнаKhusnutdinovaNadezhda Yu.

Науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru

Researcher, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru

h-n-yu@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-1558КуриловМихаил ВикторовичKurilovMikhail V.

Мл. науч. сотр. химико-аналитического отд. ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: golovenco@mail.ru

Junior researcher, chemical analysis department, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: golovenco@mail.ru

golovenco@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757КаримовДенис ОлеговичKarimovDenis O.

Канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных; вед. науч. сотр. отд. исследований общественного здоровья ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com

Head, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals; Leading Researcher, Department of Public Health Research, candidate of medical sciences, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com

karimovdo@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2323КаримовДенис ДмитриевичKarimovDenis D.

Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: lich-tsar@mail.ru

PhD (Biology), senior researcher,  Genetics Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Clinic of Laboratory Animals, candidate of biological sciences, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: lich-tsar@mail.ru

lich-tsar@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-0846РепинаЭльвира ФаридовнаRepinaElvira F.

Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru

PhD (Medicine), senior researcher, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with Experimental Clinic of Laboratory Animals, candidate of medical sciences, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru

e.f.repina@bk.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-9994ВаловаЯна ВалерьевнаValovaYana V.

Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: q.juk@ya.ru

PhD (Biology), head, Genetics Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, candidate of biological sciences, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: q.juk@ya.ru

q.juk@ya.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-8246ЯкуповаТатьяна ГеоргиевнаYakupovaTatyana G.

Науч. сотр. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: tanya.kutlina.92@mail.ru

Researcher, genetics laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: tanya.kutlina.92@mail.ru

tanya.kutlina.92@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-3068-3961ХмельАлександра ОлеговнаKhmelAlexandra O.

Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: khmel.al01@gmail.com

Junior researcher, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: khmel.al01@gmail.com

khmel.al01@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-4990АхмадеевАйдар РинатовичAkhmadeevAidar R.

Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия

e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com

Junior researcher, Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental clinic of laboratory animals, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation

e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com

dgaar87@gmail.comФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»РоссияUfa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human EcologyRussian FederationФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»; ФГБУН «Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко»РоссияUfa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology; N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public HealthRussian Federation2026130320261052191199Copyright © Смолянкин Д.А., Рябова Ю.В., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Курилов М.В., Каримов Д.О., Каримов Д.Д., Репина Э.Ф., Валова Я.В., Якупова Т.Г., Хмель А.О., Ахмадеев А.Р., 20262026Смолянкин Д.А., Рябова Ю.В., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Курилов М.В., Каримов Д.О., Каримов Д.Д., Репина Э.Ф., Валова Я.В., Якупова Т.Г., Хмель А.О., Ахмадеев А.Р.Smolyankin D.A., Ryabova Y.V., Khusnutdinova N.Y., Kurilov M.V., Karimov D.O., Karimov D.D., Repina E.F., Valova Y.V., Yakupova T.G., Khmel A.O., Akhmadeev A.R.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5472Введение

Введение. В условиях высокой химической нагрузки и роста заболеваемости дегенеративными болезнями нервной системы актуальным представляется изучение влияния наиболее распространённых пищевых добавок на когнитивные функции.

Цель исследования – изучение влияния повышенных доз бензоата натрия, сорбата калия и аскорбиновой кислоты на когнитивные функции белых лабораторных крыс в условиях прямоугольного лабиринта, в том числе с учётом способности организма животных к восстановлению после воздействия данной смеси.

Материалы и методы

Материалы и методы. Изменения химического состава головного мозга при воздействии разных доз смеси пищевых добавок определяли методом капиллярного электрофореза в серии экспериментов с использованием лабораторных мышей; для оценки изменений когнитивной функции под воздействием смеси пищевых добавок использовали крыс. Статистическую обработку полученных данных выполняли с помощью пакета IBM SPSS Statistics 21, сравнение групп проводили методом однофакторного дисперсионного анализа.

Результаты

Результаты. Продемонстрировано, что пищевые добавки влияют на химический состав головного мозга мышей, изменяя концентрацию аскорбиновой (АК), сорбиновой (СК) и бензойной кислот (БК). Увеличение концентрации АК в головном мозге наблюдалось во всех группах животных, получавших добавки, особенно на 30-е сутки эксперимента. Максимальная концентрация СК зарегистрирована в различных временных точках эксперимента (5-е, 12-е сутки) в зависимости от дозы консервантов. Повышенное содержание БК выявлено на 12-е сутки эксперимента. На начальном этапе обучения смесь добавок улучшила когнитивные функции крыс, сократив время прохождения лабиринта у животных обоих полов. На 8-е сутки отмечены различия в скорости прохождения лабиринта между самками и самцами (р = 0,026). После этапа восстановления зарегистрировано ухудшение показателей у животных обоих полов, более выраженное у самок. На 13-е сутки зарегистрированы наилучшие результаты прохождения лабиринта крысами-самками.

Ограничения исследования

Ограничения исследования. Исследование проведено однократно на двух видах лабораторных грызунов. Результаты, полученные на крысах и мышах, не всегда могут быть напрямую перенесены на человека.

Заключение

Заключение. Изменения в химическом составе мозга животных наблюдались к 30-м суткам эксперимента, что косвенно коррелирует с некоторыми изменениями в когнитивных функциях. Предполагается нейропротекторное действие аскорбиновой кислоты, однако необходимы дальнейшие исследования для выяснения потенциального механизма процессов.

Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование одобрено биоэтической комиссией ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», протокол заседания № 01-02 от 08.02.2024 г. Исследования выполнены в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией о защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментов или в иных научных целях (ETS N 123), директивой Европейского парламента и Совета Европейского союза 2010/63/ЕС от 22.09.2010 г. о защите животных, использующихся для научных целей.

Вклад авторов

Вклад авторов: Смолянкин Д.А., Рябова Ю.В. ‒ концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование; Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Репина Э.Ф., Валова Я.В., Якупова Т.Г., Хмель А.О. ‒ сбор и обработка материала, редактирование; Курилов М.В. ‒ сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных, редактирование; Каримов Д.О. ‒ концепция и дизайн исследования, статистическая обработка данных, написание текста, редактирование; Каримов Д.Д. ‒ сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка данных; Ахмадеев А.Р. ‒ сбор и обработка материала. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Работа проведена за счёт средств субсидии на выполнение государственного задания в рамках отраслевой научно-исследовательской программы Роспотребнадзора на 2021‒2025 гг. «Научное обоснование национальной системы обеспечения санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия, управления рисками здоровью и повышения качества жизни населения России», п. 6.1.8 «Научное обоснование подходов к оценке токсического действия ксенобиотиков на основе клеточных технологий и модельных объектов», регистрационный номер: 121062100058‒8.

Поступила

Поступила: 10.02.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.06.2025 / Опубликована: 13.03.2026

Introduction

Introduction. In conditions of high chemical load and the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, it seems relevant to study the effect of the most common food additives on cognitive functions.

The aim is to study the effect of increased doses of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and ascorbic acid on the cognitive functions in white laboratory rats in a rectangular maze, taking into account the ability of the animal’s body to recover after exposure to this mixture.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The study of changes in the chemical composition of the brain under the influence of a mixture of food additives at different dose levels by capillary electrophoresis was carried out in a series of experiments using laboratory mice; rats were used to assess changes in cognitive function under the influence of a mixture of food additives. For statistical processing of the obtained data, the IBM SPSS Statistics 21 package was used. Comparison of groups was carried out using one-way variance analysis.

Results

Results. Dietary supplements have been shown to affect the chemical composition of the brain in mice by altering the concentrations of ascorbic (AA), sorbic (SA) and benzoic acids (BA). An increase in the concentration of AA in the brain was observed in all groups receiving additives, especially on day 30 of the experiment. The maximum concentration of SA was recorded at different time points of the experiment (day 5, day 12) depending on the dose of preservatives. An increased content of BA was shown on day 12 of the experiment. During the initial training phase, the supplement mixture improved the rats’ cognitive performance, reducing maze time in both sexes. On day 8, differences in the speed of completing the maze were noted between females and males (p=0.026). After the recovery stage, a deterioration in performance was recorded in both sexes, but more pronounced in females. On day 13, the best results in completing the maze were recorded in female rats.

Limitations

Limitations. The study was conducted once on two types of laboratory rodents. The results obtained on rats and mice cannot always be directly transferred to humans.

Conclusions

Conclusions. Changes in the chemical composition of the brain in animals were observed by the 30th day of the experiment, which indirectly correlates with some changes in cognitive functions. A neuroprotective effect of ascorbic acid is assumed, but further studies are needed to clarify the potential mechanism of the processes.

Compliance with ethical standards. Date of the meeting of the bioethics commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology 02. 08.2024 No. 01-02. The studies were carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 09.22.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution

Contribution: Smolyankin D.A., Ryabova Yu.V. ‒ study concept and design, collection and processing of materials, statistical processing of data, writing, editing; Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Repina E.F., Valova Ya.V., Yakupova T.G., Khmel A.O. ‒ collection and processing of materials, editing; Kurilov M.V. ‒ collection and processing of materials, statistical processing of data, editing; Karimov D.O. ‒ study concept and design, statistical processing of data, writing, editing; Karimov D.D. ‒ collection and processing of materials, statistical processing of data; Akhmadeev A.R. ‒ collection and processing of material. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The work was carried out using funds from a subsidy for the implementation of a state assignment within the framework of the industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor for 2021–2025. “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, paragraph 6.1.8 “Scientific substantiation of approaches to assessing the toxic effect of xenobiotics based on cellular technologies and model objects”, registration number: 121062100058-8.

Received

Received: February 2, 2025 / Accepted: June 26, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.