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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-3-321-326</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">pofgko</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5562</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительное исследование накопления микропластика разного размера в яичниках крыс с использованием автоматизированного алгоритма количественной оценки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A comparative study of the accumulation of microplastics of different sizes in rat ovaries using an automated quantification algorithm</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2677-0479</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рябова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryabova</surname><given-names>Yuliya V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), head, Laboratory of toxicology, department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa research institute of occupational health and human ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ryabovayuvl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-4787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухаммадиева</surname><given-names>Гузель Фанисовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhammadiyeva</surname><given-names>Guzel F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ufniimt@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), senior researcher, Laboratory of genetics, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ufniimt@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ufniimt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валова</surname><given-names>Яна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valova</surname><given-names>Yana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: Q.juk@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), head, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: Q.juk@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Q.juk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3068-3961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хмель</surname><given-names>Александра Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khmel</surname><given-names>Alexandra O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: khmel.al01@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: khmel.al01@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">khmel.al01@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-0846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Репина</surname><given-names>Эльвира Фаридовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Repina</surname><given-names>Elvira F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), senior researcher, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: e.f.repina@bk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.f.repina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-6757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримов</surname><given-names>Денис Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimov</surname><given-names>Denis O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), head, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation; N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health, Moscow, 105064, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: karimovdo@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karimovdo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7309-4990</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмадеев</surname><given-names>Айдар Ринатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmadeev</surname><given-names>Aidar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Toxicology and Genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: dgaar87@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dgaar87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5596-8180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуснутдинова</surname><given-names>Надежда Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusnutdinova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. лаб. токсикологии отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека, 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: h-n-yu@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">h-n-yu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2092-1021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудояров</surname><given-names>Эльдар Ренатович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudoyarov</surname><given-names>Eldar R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. лаб. генетики отд. токсикологии и генетики с экспериментальной клиникой лабораторных животных ФБУН «Уфимский НИИ медицины труда и экологии человека», 450106, Уфа, Россия</p><p>e-mail: e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Laboratory of Genetics, Department of toxicology and genetics with an experimental laboratory animal clinic, Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Health and Human Ecology, Ufa, 450106, Russian Federation</p><p>E-mail: e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.kudoyarov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa research institute of occupational health and human ecology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Уфимский научно-исследовательский институт медицины труда и экологии человека»; ФГБНУ «Национальный научно-исследовательский институт общественного здоровья имени Н.А. Семашко»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa research institute of occupational health and human ecology; N.A. Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>321</fpage><lpage>326</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рябова Ю.В., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Валова Я.В., Хмель А.О., Репина Э.Ф., Каримов Д.О., Ахмадеев А.Р., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Кудояров Э.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рябова Ю.В., Мухаммадиева Г.Ф., Валова Я.В., Хмель А.О., Репина Э.Ф., Каримов Д.О., Ахмадеев А.Р., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Кудояров Э.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ryabova Y.V., Mukhammadiyeva G.F., Valova Y.V., Khmel A.O., Repina E.F., Karimov D.O., Akhmadeev A.R., Khusnutdinova N.Y., Kudoyarov E.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5562">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5562</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Яичники, один из основных органов женской репродуктивной системы, обеспечивают формирование и созревание ооцитов, синтез половых гормонов. Нарушение этих процессов в результате воздействия различных загрязнителей среды обитания может быть причиной многих патологий. Оценка распределения микрочастиц пластика различных размеров представляется критически важной при прогнозировании потенциальных рисков для репродуктивного здоровья женщин.</p><p>Цель исследования – определить и сопоставить особенности накопления микрочастиц пластика размером 100; 500 и 1000 нм в яичниках крыс при остром системном введении, используя специально разработанную программу для автоматизированной количественной оценки флуоресцентных изображений.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Крысам-самкам линии Wistar (n = 12; 4 группы по 3 особи в каждой) внутрисердечно вводили суспензию флуоресцирующих микрочастиц полистирола диаметром 100; 500 и 1000 нм объёмом 0,5 мл. Контрольной группе вводили физиологический раствор в таком же объёме. Накопление микропластика в тканях яичников оценивали методом флуоресцентной микроскопии с применением описательного подхода и компьютерной программы для количественной оценки содержания микрочастиц и их конгломератов. Данные анализировали методом Bootstrap с поправкой Холма – Бонферрони, значимость различий определяли при p &lt; 0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В контрольной группе регистрировались только единичные фоновые сигналы. Во всех опытных группах выявлено достоверное увеличение количества и площади микрочастиц по сравнению с контролем (p &lt; 0,05), при этом наибольшее суммарное накопление зарегистрировано в группе МП 1000. Более мелкие частицы (100 нм) образовывали преимущественно крупные конгломераты, а частицы размером 1000 нм – одиночные отложения.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование было ограничено изучением распределения микрочастиц пластика трёх размеров в одной серии эксперимента на одном виде животных (лабораторная крыса). Не учитывали фазы полового цикла.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Даже кратковременное воздействие микрочастиц пластика способно вызывать их накопление в тканях яичников, причём характер локализации и вероятность формирования конгломератов зависят от размера частиц.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Все поставленные в рамках исследования эксперименты соответствовали этическим нормам обращения с животными, принятым Европейской конвенцией по защите позвоночных животных, используемых для исследовательских и иных научных целей. Исследование одобрено локальным этическим комитетом учреждения (протокол № 01–02 от 08.02.2024 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов: Рябова Ю.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста, иллюстрации; Мухаммадиева Г.Ф. – проведение эксперимента, научное редактирование текста; Валова Я.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка данных; Хмель А.О. – проведение эксперимента, сбор и обработка данных; Репина Э.Ф., Каримов Д.О. – концепция и дизайн исследования; Ахмадеев А.Р., Хуснутдинова Н.Ю., Кудояров Э.Р. – проведение эксперимента.Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование выполнено в рамках отраслевой научно-исследовательской программы Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека на 2021–2025 гг.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 04.04.2025 / Принята к печати: 15.10.2025 / Опубликована: 17.04.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The ovaries are among the key organs of the female reproductive system, responsible for oocyte formation and maturation, as well as the synthesis of sex hormones. Disruptions in these processes, caused by various environmental contaminants, can lead to a range of pathological conditions. Assessing the distribution of plastic microparticles of different sizes is thus critically important for predicting potential reproductive health risks in women.</p></sec><sec><title>The aim of our study</title><p>The aim of our study. To determine and compare the characteristics of accumulation of plastic microparticle (100, 500, and 1000 nm) in the ovaries of female Wistar rats following acute systemic administration, using a specially developed software for automated quantitative analysis of fluorescent images.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. Twelve female Wistar rats were divided into four groups; each group received an intracardiac injection of a 0.5 mL suspension of fluorescent polystyrene microparticles (MP) with diameters: 100, 500, and 1000 nm) or saline (control). Accumulation of microplastic in ovarian tissue was evaluated by fluorescent microscopy with a descriptive approach and a software designed for quantitative assessment of microparticles and their conglomerates. Data were analyzed using the Bootstrap method with Holm–Bonferroni correction; differences were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Only occasional background signals were registered in the control group. All experimental groups demonstrated a significant increase in both the number and total area of microparticles compared to control (p &lt; 0.05), with the highest overall accumulation found in the “MP 1000” group. Smaller particles (100 nm) displayed a pronounced tendency to form large conglomerates, whereas 1000 nm particles were primarily present as individual deposits.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The investigation was limited to examining the distribution of three sizes of plastic MP within a single experimental series and a single animal species (laboratory rats), without accounting for the estrous cycle phase.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Even a short-term exposure to plastic MP can result in their accumulation in ovarian tissue, with the location pattern and the likelihood of conglomerate formation depending on the particle size.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. All experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with European Convention standards for the protection of vertebrate animals used for research and other scientific purposes. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (Approval No. 01-02 from February 8, 2024).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Ryabova Yu.V. – research concept and design, writing the text, preparing figures; Muhammadieva G.F. – conducting the experiment, scientific editing of the text; Valova Ya.V. – research concept and design, data collection and processing; Khmel A.O. – conducting the experiment, data collection and processing; Repina E.F. – research concept and design; Karimov D.O. – research concept and design; Ahmadeev A.R., Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Kudoyarov E.R. – conducting the experiment. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study was carried out within the framework of the sectoral research program of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for 2021–2025.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 4, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: April 17, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрочастицы пластика</kwd><kwd>моделирование</kwd><kwd>распределение</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd><kwd>острое воздействие</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>plastic microparticles</kwd><kwd>modeling</kwd><kwd>distribution</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd><kwd>acute exposure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mao X., Xu Y., Cheng Z., Yang Y., Guan Z., Jiang L., et al. The impact of microplastic pollution on ecological environment: a review. Front. 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