<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-4-378-386</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">prglzy</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5603</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Многометрическая идентификация и анализ наночастиц в составе полидисперсных аэрозолей воздуха рабочей зоны на основе сканирующей электронной микроскопии в сочетании с энергодисперсионной рентгеновской спектроскопией</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Multi-dimensional identification and analysis of nanoparticles in polydisperse aerosols in the workplace air by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-8777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеломенцев</surname><given-names>Иван Глебович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelomentsev</surname><given-names>Ivan G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН «ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП» Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: shelomencev@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of molecular biology and electron microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: shelomencev@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shelomencev@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промышленных предприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>378</fpage><lpage>386</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шеломенцев И.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шеломенцев И.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shelomentsev I.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5603">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5603</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Исследование посвящено проблеме воздействия непреднамеренно образующихся наночастиц на здоровье работников металлургической отрасли. С учётом высокой токсичности и уникальной проникающей способности нанообъектов критически важны такие задачи, как их достоверная селекция, идентификация в составе фоновых полидисперсных аэрозолей. В работе обоснован интегративный подход, сочетающий сканирующую электронную микроскопию и энергодисперсионную рентгеновскую спектроскопию. Такая комбинация позволяет точно идентифицировать морфологию и элементный состав индивидуальных частиц. Разработанный комплексный подход имеет определяющее значение для оценки профессиональных рисков и создания эффективных систем профилактики на производстве.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование аэрозолей производства чернового свинца проводили с использованием мембранных нейлонных фильтров (поры 0,2 мкм). Морфологию и элементный состав частиц изучали методом сканирующей электронной микроскопии на микроскопе сверхвысокого разрешения Hitachi SU8220, оснащённом ЭДРС-детектором Ultim Extreme.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Изучение производства чернового свинца выявило высокую концентрацию аэрозолей (0,01–25 мкм) с преобладанием наночастиц, образующихся преимущественно при розливе расплавов. Счётная концентрация наночастиц достигала 100,08 млрд/м³, хотя их массовая доля была невелика (до 47,47 мкг/м³). В составе наночастиц идентифицированы 22 элемента, основные из которых Pb, Na, Zn, As, Sn, S. Установлено, что большинство наночастиц были многокомпонентными (чаще всего 3–5 элементов, реже до 8), а аэрозоль сохранялся в воздухе длительное время, распространяясь по всему цеху, несмотря на местную вентиляцию.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Исследование аэрозоля воздуха рабочей зоны выполнено локально в области проведения основных работ при плавке чернового свинца.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Применение комплекса методов электронной микроскопии в сочетании с рентгенофлуоресцентным анализом позволило провести детальную идентификацию наноразмерных компонентов в составе сложных полидисперсных аэрозолей. Благодаря высокому пространственному разрешению и возможности элементного микроанализа эти методы обеспечили получение достоверных сведений о морфологии и дисперсности частиц и, что очень важно, их уникальном многокомпонентном составе. Это позволило установить закономерности формирования многокомпонентных частиц и определить их распределение по фазам технологического процесса.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад автора</title><p>Вклад автора: Шеломенцев И.Г. – концепция, дизайн исследования, сбор данных, анализ и интерпретация результатов, литературный обзор и подготовка рукописи, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Благодарность</title><p>Благодарность. Автор выражает благодарность сотрудникам отдела медицины труда ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора в лице канд. мед. наук Федорук А.А. и Мартина С.В. за содействие в организации выезда на предприятие для сбора проб аэрозоля воздуха рабочей зоны, а также мл. науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОРЗПП Роспотребнадзора Гомзиковой Е.А. за помощь в проведении исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Автор декларирует отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 02.03.2026 / Поступила после доработки: 07.04.2026 / Принята к печати: 15.04.2026 / Опубликована: 18.05.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. This study examines the impact of unintentionally generated nanoparticles on workers’ health in the metallurgical industry. Given the high toxicity and unique penetrating abilities of nano-sized objects, their reliable identification within background polydisperse aerosols is critical. The study substantiates an integrated approach based on scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Their combination enables the precise identification of the morphology and elemental composition of individual particles. The described approach is of crucial importance for assessing occupational risks and creating effective prevention systems at work.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Aerosols from crude lead production were sampled using nylon membrane filters with a 0.2 µm pore size. The morphology and elemental composition of the particles were established by scanning electron microscopy using a Hitachi SU8220 ultra-high-resolution microscope equipped with an Ultim Extreme EDXS detector.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Measurements revealed high concentrations of aerosols (0.01–25 µm) dominated by nanoparticles generated by melt casting. The nanoparticle count reached 100.08 billion/m³, although their mass fraction was low (up to 47.47 µg/m³). Twenty-two chemical elements were identified in the composition of nanoparticles, the main ones being Pb, Na, Zn, As, Sn, and S. Most nanoparticles were multicomponent, usually consisting of three to five and up to eight elements; the aerosol was found to persist in the workplace air for a long time and spread throughout the workshop despite local exhaust ventilation.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The study of workplace air aerosols was conducted locally in the area of core crude copper smelting operations.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Electron microscopy combined with X-ray fluorescence enabled detailed identification of nanoscale components within complex polydisperse aerosols. Owing to their high spatial resolution and opportunities of elemental microanalysis, these techniques helped to obtain reliable information on not only the morphology and dispersion of particles but also on their unique multicomponent composition, which allowed establishing patterns in the formation of multicomponent particles and determining their distribution by technological process phases.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Shelomentsev I.G. – study conception and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, literature review, draft manuscript preparation. The author is responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>Acknowledgements. The author would like to express his gratitude to Anna A. Fedoruk and Sergey V. Martin from the Department of Occupational Medicine, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, for their support in workplace air sampling and Ekaterina A. Gomzikova, Junior Researcher of the Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, for assistance in conducting the study.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: March 2, 2026 / Revised: April 7, 2026 / Accepted: April 15, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>производство чернового свинца</kwd><kwd>полидисперсный аэрозоль</kwd><kwd>аэрозоль сложного состава</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>методика идентификации наночастиц</kwd><kwd>элементный состав наночастиц</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>crude lead production</kwd><kwd>polydisperse aerosol</kwd><kwd>complex aerosol</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>nanoparticle identification technique</kwd><kwd>elemental composition of nanoparticles</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen R., Shi X., Bai R., Rang W., Huo L., Zhao L., et al. Airborne nanoparticle pollution in a wire electrical discharge machining workshop and potential health risks. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2015; 15(1): 284–94. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.09.0219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen R., Shi X., Bai R., Rang W., Huo L., Zhao L., et al. Airborne nanoparticle pollution in a wire electrical discharge machining workshop and potential health risks. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2015; 15(1): 284–94. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2014.09.0219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paulin N., Pernetti R., Bergamaschi E., Oddone E. Nanoparticles released during metal-processing operations: A systematic review. Clean. Eng. Technol. 2024; 24: 100873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100873</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paulin N., Pernetti R., Bergamaschi E., Oddone E. Nanoparticles released during metal-processing operations: A systematic review. Clean. Eng. Technol. 2024; 24: 100873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100873</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sousa M., Arezes P., Silva F. Occupational exposure to ultrafine particles in metal additive manufacturing: A qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(18): 9788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189788</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sousa M., Arezes P., Silva F. Occupational exposure to ultrafine particles in metal additive manufacturing: A qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021; 18(18): 9788. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189788</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рузаков В.О. Биологические эффекты воздействия наночастиц меди: маркёры экспозиции. Гигиена и санитария. 2023; 102(3): 292–8. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-3-292-298 https://elibrary.ru/ieywoj</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruzakov V.O. Biological effects of exposure to copper nanoparticles: markers of exposure. Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2023; 102(3): 292–8. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-3-292-298 https://elibrary.ru/ieywoj (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уланова Т.С., Антипьева М.В., Забирова М.И., Волкова М.В. Определение частиц нанодиапазона в воздухе рабочей зоны металлургического производства. Анализ риска здоровью. 2015; (1): 77–81. https://elibrary.ru/tszidb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ulanova T.S., Antipyeva M.V., Zabirova M.I., Volkova M.V. Determination of nanoscale particles in the air of working zone at the metallurgical production. Health Risk Analysis. 2015; (1): 63–6. https://elibrary.ru/izsucy</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sousa M., Arezes P., Silva F. Occupational exposure to incidental nanomaterials in metal additive manufacturing: An innovative approach for risk management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023; 20(3): 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032519</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sousa M., Arezes P., Silva F. Occupational exposure to incidental nanomaterials in metal additive manufacturing: An innovative approach for risk management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023; 20(3): 2519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032519</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger F., Bernatíková Š., Kocůrková L., Přichystalová R., Schreiberová L. Occupational exposure to nanoparticles originating from welding – case studies from the Czech Republic. Med. Pr. 2021; 72(3): 219–30. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.01058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger F., Bernatíková Š., Kocůrková L., Přichystalová R., Schreiberová L. Occupational exposure to nanoparticles originating from welding – case studies from the Czech Republic. Med. Pr. 2021; 72(3): 219–30. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.01058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pernetti R., Maffia S., Previtali B., Oddone E. Assessment of nanoparticle emission in additive manufacturing: Comparing wire and powder laser metal deposition processes. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2023; 20(8): 329–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2023.2208649</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pernetti R., Maffia S., Previtali B., Oddone E. Assessment of nanoparticle emission in additive manufacturing: Comparing wire and powder laser metal deposition processes. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 2023; 20(8): 329–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2023.2208649</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pili S., Lecca L.I., Pedrazzi T., Ghitti R., Murru A., Uras M., et al. Exposure assessment to fine and ultrafine particulate matter during welding activity in the maintenance shop of a steelmaking factory. Heliyon. 2024; 10(23): e40815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40815</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pili S., Lecca L.I., Pedrazzi T., Ghitti R., Murru A., Uras M., et al. Exposure assessment to fine and ultrafine particulate matter during welding activity in the maintenance shop of a steelmaking factory. Heliyon. 2024; 10(23): e40815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40815</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paulin N., Pernetti R., Scafa F., Candura S., Oddone E. Evaluation of particle and nanoparticle emissions in fiber and CO2 laser cutting processes. Processes. 2025; 13(6): 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061942</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paulin N., Pernetti R., Scafa F., Candura S., Oddone E. Evaluation of particle and nanoparticle emissions in fiber and CO2 laser cutting processes. Processes. 2025; 13(6): 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061942</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lima F., Medeiros G., Chagas P., Aguiar M., Guerra V. Aerosol nanoparticle control by electrostatic precipitation and filtration processes – a review. Powders. 2023; 2(2): 259–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2020017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lima F., Medeiros G., Chagas P., Aguiar M., Guerra V. Aerosol nanoparticle control by electrostatic precipitation and filtration processes – a review. Powders. 2023; 2(2): 259–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/powders2020017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mostovenko E., Canal C.G., Cho M., Sharma K., Erdely A., Campen M.J., et al. Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol. Ther. 2022; 235: 108120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mostovenko E., Canal C.G., Cho M., Sharma K., Erdely A., Campen M.J., et al. Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol. Ther. 2022; 235: 108120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuntic M., Kuntic I., Cleppien D., Pozzer A., Nußbaum D., Oelze M., et al. Differential inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular damage markers of nano- and micro-particle exposure in mice: Implications for human disease burden. Redox Biol. 2025; 83: 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103644</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuntic M., Kuntic I., Cleppien D., Pozzer A., Nußbaum D., Oelze M., et al. Differential inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiovascular damage markers of nano- and micro-particle exposure in mice: Implications for human disease burden. Redox Biol. 2025; 83: 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103644</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xuan L., Ju Z., Skonieczna M., Zhou P., Huang R. Nanoparticles-induced potential toxicity on human health: Applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models. MedComm (2020). 2023; 4(4): e327. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.327</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xuan L., Ju Z., Skonieczna M., Zhou P., Huang R. Nanoparticles-induced potential toxicity on human health: Applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models. MedComm (2020). 2023; 4(4): e327. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.327</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portugal J., Bedia C., Amato F., Juárez-Facio A.T., Stamatiou R., Lazou A., et al. Toxicity of airborne nanoparticles: Facts and challenges. Environ. Int. 2024; 190: 108889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108889</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portugal J., Bedia C., Amato F., Juárez-Facio A.T., Stamatiou R., Lazou A., et al. Toxicity of airborne nanoparticles: Facts and challenges. Environ. Int. 2024; 190: 108889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.108889</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vallabani N.V.S., Gruzieva O., Elihn K., Juárez-Facio A.T., Steimer S.S., Kuhn J., et al. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. Environ. Res. 2023; 231(Pt. 2): 116186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116186</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vallabani N.V.S., Gruzieva O., Elihn K., Juárez-Facio A.T., Steimer S.S., Kuhn J., et al. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. Environ. Res. 2023; 231(Pt. 2): 116186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116186</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кацнельсон Б.А., Привалова Л.И., Сутункова М.П., Гурвич В.Б., Минигалиева И.А., Логинова Н.В. и др. Основные результаты токсикологических экспериментов «ин виво» с некоторыми металлическими и металло-оксидными наночастицами. Токсикологический вестник. 2015; (3): 26–39. https://elibrary.ru/yxbeag</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsnelson B.A., Privalova L.I., Sutunkova M.P., Gurvich V.B., Minigalieva I.A., Loginova N.V., et al. Main results of toxicological experiments in vivo with some metal and metal oxides nanoparticles. Toksikologicheskii vestnik. 2015; (3): 26–39. https://elibrary.ru/yxbeag (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рахманин Ю.А., Хрипач Л.В., Михайлова Р.И., Коганова З.И., Князева Т.Д., Железняк Е.В. и др. Сравнительный анализ влияния нано- и ионной форм серебра на биохимические показатели лабораторных животных. Гигиена и санитария. 2014; 93(1): 45–50. https://elibrary.ru/rydzcd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakhmanin Yu.A., Khripach L.V., Mikhaylova R.I., Koganova Z.I., Knyazeva T.D., Zheleznyak E.V., et al. Comparative analysis of the influence of nano- and ionic forms of silver on biochemical indices in laboratory animals. Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2014; 93(1): 45–50. https://elibrary.ru/rydzcd (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Разумов И.А., Завьялов Е.Л., Троицкий С.Ю., Ромащенко А.В., Петровский Д.В., Купер К.Е. и др. Избирательная цитотоксичность наночастиц марганца в отношении клеток глиобластом человека. Клеточные технологии в биологии и медицине. 2017; (2): 114–8. https://elibrary.ru/zdnlyx</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Razumov I.A., Zav’yalov E.L., Troitskii S.Y., Romashchenko A.V., Petrovskii D.V., Kuper K.E., et al. Selective cytotoxicity of manganese nanoparticles against human glioblastoma cells. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2017; 163(4): 561–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-017-3849-0 https://elibrary.ru/xowdvd</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim B.W., Cha W., Choi S., Shin J., Choi B.S., Kim M. Assessment of occupational exposure to indium dust for indium-tin-oxide manufacturing workers. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(3): 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11030419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim B.W., Cha W., Choi S., Shin J., Choi B.S., Kim M. Assessment of occupational exposure to indium dust for indium-tin-oxide manufacturing workers. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(3): 419. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11030419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galey L., Audignon S., Brochard P., Debia M., Lacourt A., Lambert P., et al. Strategies to assess occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles: systematic review and recommendations. Saf. Health Work. 2023; 14(2): 163–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2023.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galey L., Audignon S., Brochard P., Debia M., Lacourt A., Lambert P., et al. Strategies to assess occupational exposure to airborne nanoparticles: systematic review and recommendations. Saf. Health Work. 2023; 14(2): 163–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2023.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brostrøm A., Kling K.I., Hougaard K.S., Mølhave K. Complex aerosol characterization by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1): 9150. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65383-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brostrøm A., Kling K.I., Hougaard K.S., Mølhave K. Complex aerosol characterization by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 2020; 10(1): 9150. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65383-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao P., Zhao P., Zhan Z., Dai Q., Casuccio G.S., Gao J., et al. Advancing source apportionment of atmospheric particles: integrating morphology, size, and chemistry using electron microscopy technology and machine learning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025; 59(7): 3645–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c10964</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao P., Zhao P., Zhan Z., Dai Q., Casuccio G.S., Gao J., et al. Advancing source apportionment of atmospheric particles: integrating morphology, size, and chemistry using electron microscopy technology and machine learning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2025; 59(7): 3645–55. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c10964</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keleş Ç., Sarver E. Respirable silica particles in coal mine dust: An image library dataset collected using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Data Brief. 2023; 51: 109656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109656</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keleş Ç., Sarver E. Respirable silica particles in coal mine dust: An image library dataset collected using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Data Brief. 2023; 51: 109656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109656</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hodoroaba V.D. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). In: Micro and Nano Technologies. Characterization of Nanoparticles. Elsevier; 2020: 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814182-3.00021-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hodoroaba V.D. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). In: Micro and Nano Technologies. Characterization of Nanoparticles. Elsevier; 2020: 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814182-3.00021-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayden L., Strausborger S., Lewin-Smith M. Automated particle analysis using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize inhaled particulate matter (PM) in biopsied lung tissue. Microsc. Microanal. 2022; 29(1): 235–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozac015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayden L., Strausborger S., Lewin-Smith M. Automated particle analysis using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to characterize inhaled particulate matter (PM) in biopsied lung tissue. Microsc. Microanal. 2022; 29(1): 235–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/micmic/ozac015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеломенцев И.Г., Гомзикова Е.А. Перспективы анализа наночастиц в составе аэрозоля методом электронной микроскопии. Гигиена и санитария. 2023; 102(3): 259–64. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-3-259-264 https://elibrary.ru/eaicdo</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelomentsev I.G., Gomzikova E.A. Prospects of analyzing of nanoparticles in the composition of aerosol by the method of electron microscopy. Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2023; 102(3): 259–64. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-3-259-264 https://elibrary.ru/eaicdo (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шеломенцев И.Г. Пробоотборник для персонального отбора аэрозоля воздуха. Патент РФ № 2810647; 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelomentsev I.G. Personal air aerosol sampler. Patent RF № 2810647; 2023. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson J.R., Buseck P.R., Patterson T.L., Arimoto R. Characterization of the Bermuda tropospheric aerosol by combined individual-particle and bulk-aerosol analysis. Atmos. Environ. 1996; 30(2): 319–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00170-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson J.R., Buseck P.R., Patterson T.L., Arimoto R. Characterization of the Bermuda tropospheric aerosol by combined individual-particle and bulk-aerosol analysis. Atmos. Environ. 1996; 30(2): 319–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(95)00170-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ровин С.Л., Григорьев С.В. Исследование отходов, образующихся при производстве свинца. Литье и металлургия. 2018; (2): 43–9. https://elibrary.ru/xthdnr</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rovin S.L., Grigoriev S.V. A study of wastes generated in the production of lead. Lit’e i metallurgiya. 2018; (2): 43–9. https://elibrary.ru/xthdnr (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
