medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-4-412-415wsurfimedlit-5610Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ПИТАНИЯFOOD HYGIENEПитьевая и бутилированная вода как природный источник микроэлемента литияDrinking and bottled water as a natural source of the lithium trace elementhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2659-7998ТоршинИван ЮрьевичTorshinIvan Yu.

Канд. физ.-мат. наук, канд. хим. наук, вед. науч. сотр. ФИЦ ИУ РАН, 119333, Москва, Россия

e-mail: tiy135@yahoo.com

PhD (Applied Mathematics), leading researcher, Department of intellectual systems, Federal Research Center “Computer Sciences and Control”, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation

e-mail: tiy135@yahoo.com

tiy135@yahoo.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-191XГромовАндрей НиколаевичGromovAndrey N.

Инженер-исследователь ФИЦ ИУ РАН, 119333, Москва, Россия

e-mail: gromlogin@gmail.com

Engineer-researcher, Federal Research Center “Computer Sciences and Control”, Moscow, 119333, Russian Federation

e-mail: gromlogin@gmail.com

gromlogin@gmail.comФедеральный исследовательский Центр «Информатика и управление» Российской академии наукРоссияFederal Research Center “Computer Sciences and Control”Russian Federation2026180520261054412415Copyright © Торшин И.Ю., Громов А.Н., 20262026Торшин И.Ю., Громов А.Н.Torshin I.Y., Gromov A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5610

Исследования последних 40 лет указывают на потенциальную роль лития (Li) как эссенциального микроэлемента. Одним из критериев эссенциальности (жизненной необходимости) микроэлемента является постоянное его присутствие в питьевой воде из природных источников. Содержание лития в водной среде существенно зависит от географического региона. Концентрация Li составляет от 0,07 до 40 мкг/л в пресной воде и от 170 до 190 мкг/л в морской. В грунтовых водах концентрация иона Li обычно выше, чем в поверхностных, – 0,05–150 мкг/л. Метаанализ 157 публикаций показал, что средняя концентрация Li в образцах питьевой воды составила 5,4 мкг/л. Анализ бутилированной природной минеральной воды 18 наименований позволил разделить образцы на две группы: с низким содержанием Li (до 11 мкг Li/л) и с высоким содержанием Li (более 100 мкг/л). Многочисленные клинико-эпидемиологические исследования подтвердили, что более высокий уровень лития в питьевой воде, потребляемой населением, связан с более низким уровнем самоубийств и преступлений, связанных с агрессией. Концентрация Li в питьевой воде является основным фактором, существенно влияющим на его ежесуточное потребление и на реализацию биологических эффектов ионов. В России большинство исследованных источников питьевой воды содержит малые количества лития (от 3 до 160 мкг/л). Поэтому при необходимости восполнения дефицита Li россиянам можно использовать специальную лечебно-столовую бутилированную воду или витаминно-минеральные комплексы на основе нетоксичных солей лития с органическими анионами.

Вклад авторов

Вклад авторов. Все соавторы внесли равнозначный вклад в исследование и подготовку статьи к публикации.

Конфликт интересов

Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.

Финансирование

Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.

Поступила

Поступила: 09.05.2025 / Принята к печати: 24.03.2026 / Опубликована: 18.05.2026

Research conducted over the past 40 years has pointed to the potential roles of lithium as an essential micronutrient. One criterion for the essentiality of a micronutrient is its constant presence in drinking water from natural sources. The lithium content in the aquatic environment varies significantly depending on the geographic area. Lithium is present in varying concentrations in the aquatic environment: from 0.07 to 40 µg/L in fresh water and from 170 to 190 µg/L in seawater. In groundwater, the concentration of Li ion is usually higher than in surface water and ranges from 0.05 to 150 µg/L. A meta-analysis of one hundred fifty seven reports showed that the average Li concentration in various drinking water samples was 5.4 µg/L. An analysis of lithium content in 18 brands of bottled natural mineral water showed two groups of waters: with a low Li content (up to 11 µg Li/l) and with a high Li content (more than 100 µg/l). Numerous clinical and epidemiological studies have confirmed higher lithium levels in public drinking water to be associated with lower suicide rates and aggressive crime. The concentration of lithium in drinking water is the main factor that significantly affects its daily consumption and the implementation of the biological effects of lithium ions. In Russia, most of the studied drinking water sources contain very small amounts of lithium (from 3 to 160 µg/L). Therefore, if it is necessary to replenish the lithium deficiency, Russians can use special medicinal table bottled water or vitamin and mineral complexes based on non-toxic lithium salts with organic anions.

Contribution

Contribution. The authors contributed equally to this article. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received

Received: May 9, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026

микроэлементыэссенциальностьлитийпитьевая водаtrace elementsessentialitylithiumdrinking waterReferencesАвцын А.П., Жаворонков А.А., Риш М.А., Строчкова Л.С. Микроэлементозы человека: этиология, классификация, органопатология. М.: Медицина; 1991.Avtsyn A.P., Zhavoronkov A.A., Rish M.A., Strochkova L.S. Human Microelementoses: Etiology, Classification, Organopathology [Mikroelementozy cheloveka: etiologiya, klassifikatsiya, organopatologiya]. Moscow: Meditsina; 1991. (in Russian)Sposito G. The Chemistry of Soils. New York: Oxford University Press; 2016.Sposito G. The Chemistry of Soils. New York: Oxford University Press; 2016.Kszos L.A., Stewart A.J. Review of lithium in the aquatic environment: distribution in the United States, toxicity and case example of groundwater contamination. Ecotoxicology. 2003; 12(5): 439–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026112507664Kszos L.A., Stewart A.J. Review of lithium in the aquatic environment: distribution in the United States, toxicity and case example of groundwater contamination. Ecotoxicology. 2003; 12(5): 439–47. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1026112507664Kavanagh L., Keohane J., Cleary J., Garcia Cabellos G., Lloyd A. Lithium in the natural waters of the South East of Ireland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(6): 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060561Kavanagh L., Keohane J., Cleary J., Garcia Cabellos G., Lloyd A. Lithium in the natural waters of the South East of Ireland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(6): 561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060561An J.W., Kang D.J., Tran K.T., Kim M.J., Lim T., Tran T. Recovery of lithium from Uyuni salar brine. Hydrometallurgy. 2012; 117–118: 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HYDROMET.2012.02.008An J.W., Kang D.J., Tran K.T., Kim M.J., Lim T., Tran T. Recovery of lithium from Uyuni salar brine. Hydrometallurgy. 2012; 117–118: 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HYDROMET.2012.02.008Ogawa Y., Koibuchi H., Suto K., Inoue C. Effects of the chemical compositions of Salars de Uyuni and Atacama brines on lithium concentration during evaporation. Resour. Geol. 2014; 64(2): 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/rge.12030Ogawa Y., Koibuchi H., Suto K., Inoue C. Effects of the chemical compositions of Salars de Uyuni and Atacama brines on lithium concentration during evaporation. Resour. Geol. 2014; 64(2): 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/rge.12030Song J., Nghiem L.D., Xue-Mei L., Tao H. Lithium extraction from Chinese salt-lake brines: opportunities, challenges, and future outlook. Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol. 2017; 3: 593–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EW00020KSong J., Nghiem L.D., Xue-Mei L., Tao H. Lithium extraction from Chinese salt-lake brines: opportunities, challenges, and future outlook. Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol. 2017; 3: 593–7. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EW00020KKesler S.E., Gruber P.W., Medina P.A., Keoleian G.A., Everson M.P., Wallington T.J. Global lithium resources: relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 2012; 48: 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.05.006Kesler S.E., Gruber P.W., Medina P.A., Keoleian G.A., Everson M.P., Wallington T.J. Global lithium resources: relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 2012; 48: 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.05.006Liaugaudaite V., Mickuviene N., Raskauskiene N., Naginiene R., Sher L. Lithium levels in the public drinking water supply and risk of suicide: a pilot study. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2017; 43: 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.03.009Liaugaudaite V., Mickuviene N., Raskauskiene N., Naginiene R., Sher L. Lithium levels in the public drinking water supply and risk of suicide: a pilot study. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2017; 43: 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.03.009Kapusta N.D., Mossaheb N., Etzersdorfer E., Hlavin G., Thau K., Willeit M., et al. Lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2011; 198(5): 346–50. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.091041Kapusta N.D., Mossaheb N., Etzersdorfer E., Hlavin G., Thau K., Willeit M., et al. Lithium in drinking water and suicide mortality. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2011; 198(5): 346–50. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.091041Concha G., Broberg K., Grandér M., Cardozo A., Palm B., Vahter M. High-level exposure to lithium, boron, cesium, and arsenic via drinking water in the Andes of northern Argentina. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010; 44(17): 6875–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1010384Concha G., Broberg K., Grandér M., Cardozo A., Palm B., Vahter M. High-level exposure to lithium, boron, cesium, and arsenic via drinking water in the Andes of northern Argentina. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010; 44(17): 6875–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1010384Kabata-Pendias A., Mukherjee A.B. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Berlin: Springer; 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32714-1Kabata-Pendias A., Mukherjee A.B. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. Berlin: Springer; 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32714-1Helbich M., Blüml V., Leitner M., Kapusta N.D. Does altitude moderate the impact of lithium on suicide? A spatial analysis of Austria. Geospat. Health. 2013; 7(2): 209–18. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2013.81Helbich M., Blüml V., Leitner M., Kapusta N.D. Does altitude moderate the impact of lithium on suicide? A spatial analysis of Austria. Geospat. Health. 2013; 7(2): 209–18. https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2013.81Солдатова Е.А., Гусева Н.В., Мазурова И.С. Микрокомпонентный состав природных вод западной части бассейна озера Поянху, Китай. Фундаментальные исследования. 2015; (2–8): 1703–8. https://elibrary.ru/tpcusfSoldatova E.A., Guseva N.V., Mazurova I.S. Trace elements in the natural water of the western part of the Poyang lake basin, China. Fundamental’nye issledovaniya. 2015; (2–8): 1703–8. (in Russian)Knudsen N.N., Schullehner J., Hansen B., Jørgensen L.F., Kristiansen S.M., Voutchkova D.D., et al. Lithium in drinking water and incidence of suicide: a nationwide individual-level cohort study with 22 years of follow-up. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(6): 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060627Knudsen N.N., Schullehner J., Hansen B., Jørgensen L.F., Kristiansen S.M., Voutchkova D.D., et al. Lithium in drinking water and incidence of suicide: a nationwide individual-level cohort study with 22 years of follow-up. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2017; 14(6): 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060627Kabacs N., Memon A., Obinwa T., Stochl J., Perez J. Lithium in drinking water and suicide rates across the East of England. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2011; 198(5): 406–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.088617Kabacs N., Memon A., Obinwa T., Stochl J., Perez J. Lithium in drinking water and suicide rates across the East of England. Br. J. Psychiatry. 2011; 198(5): 406–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.088617Giotakos O., Nisianakis P., Tsouvelas G., Giakalou V.V. Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Greece. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2013; 156(1–3): 376–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9815-4Giotakos O., Nisianakis P., Tsouvelas G., Giakalou V.V. Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Greece. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2013; 156(1–3): 376–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9815-4Pompili M., Vichi M., Dinelli E., Pycha R., Valera P., Albanese S., et al. Relationships of local lithium concentrations in drinking water to regional suicide rates in Italy. World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 2015; 16(8): 567–74. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1062551Pompili M., Vichi M., Dinelli E., Pycha R., Valera P., Albanese S., et al. Relationships of local lithium concentrations in drinking water to regional suicide rates in Italy. World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 2015; 16(8): 567–74. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1062551Sugawara N., Yasui-Furukori N., Ishii N., Iwata N., Terao T. Lithium in tap water and suicide mortality in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2013; 10(11): 6044–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10116044Sugawara N., Yasui-Furukori N., Ishii N., Iwata N., Terao T. Lithium in tap water and suicide mortality in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2013; 10(11): 6044–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10116044Ishii N., Terao T., Araki Y., Kohno K., Mizokami Y., Shiotsuki I., et al. Low risk of male suicide and lithium in drinking water. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2015; 76(3): 319–26. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09218Ishii N., Terao T., Araki Y., Kohno K., Mizokami Y., Shiotsuki I., et al. Low risk of male suicide and lithium in drinking water. J. Clin. Psychiatry. 2015; 76(3): 319–26. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.14m09218Kozaka N., Takeuchi S., Ishii N., Terao T., Kuroda Y. Association between lithium in tap water and suicide mortality rates in Miyazaki Prefecture. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2020; 25(1): 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00865-6Kozaka N., Takeuchi S., Ishii N., Terao T., Kuroda Y. Association between lithium in tap water and suicide mortality rates in Miyazaki Prefecture. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2020; 25(1): 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-020-00865-6Liaugaudaite V., Raskauskiene N., Naginiene R., Mickuviene N., Sher L. Association between lithium levels in drinking water and suicide rates: Role of affective disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2022; 298(Pt. A): 516–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.045Liaugaudaite V., Raskauskiene N., Naginiene R., Mickuviene N., Sher L. Association between lithium levels in drinking water and suicide rates: Role of affective disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 2022; 298(Pt. A): 516–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.045Kostik V., Bauer B., Kavrakovski Z. Lithium content in potable water, surface water, ground water, and mineral water on the territory of Republic of Macedonia. Int. J. Med. Public Health. 2014; 4(3): 189–93.Kostik V., Bauer B., Kavrakovski Z. Lithium content in potable water, surface water, ground water, and mineral water on the territory of Republic of Macedonia. Int. J. Med. Public Health. 2014; 4(3): 189–93.Закутин В.П., Голицын М.С., Швец В.М. Актуальные проблемы изучения и оценки качества подземных питьевых вод. Водные ресурсы. 2012; 39(5): 485–95. https://elibrary.ru/pbwdcvZakutin V.P., Golitsyn M.S., Shvets V.M. Current issues in the study and quality assessment of drinking groundwater. Water Resources. 2012; 39(5): 523–32. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807812050089 https://elibrary.ru/rghyhdBlüml V., Regier M.D., Hlavin G., Rockett I.R., König F., Vyssoki B., et al. Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Texas. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2013; 47(3): 407–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.002Blüml V., Regier M.D., Hlavin G., Rockett I.R., König F., Vyssoki B., et al. Lithium in the public water supply and suicide mortality in Texas. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2013; 47(3): 407–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.12.002EPA. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/energy-independence-and-security-act-2007EPA. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/greeningepa/energy-independence-and-security-act-2007Lindsey B.D., Belitz K., Cravotta C.A. 3rd, Toccalino P.L., Dubrovsky N.M. Lithium in groundwater used for drinking-water supply in the United States. Sci. Total Environ. 2021; 767: 144691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.14469Lindsey B.D., Belitz K., Cravotta C.A. 3rd, Toccalino P.L., Dubrovsky N.M. Lithium in groundwater used for drinking-water supply in the United States. Sci. Total Environ. 2021; 767: 144691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.14469Sharma N., Westerhoff P., Zeng C. Lithium occurrence in drinking water sources of the United States. Chemosphere. 2022; 305: 135458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135458Sharma N., Westerhoff P., Zeng C. Lithium occurrence in drinking water sources of the United States. Chemosphere. 2022; 305: 135458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135458Ewuzie U., Nnorom I.C., Eze S.O. Lithium in drinking water sources in rural and urban communities in Southeastern Nigeria. Chemosphere. 2020; 245: 125593. https://doi.org/101016/j.chemosphere.2019.125593Ewuzie U., Nnorom I.C., Eze S.O. Lithium in drinking water sources in rural and urban communities in Southeastern Nigeria. Chemosphere. 2020; 245: 125593. https://doi.org/101016/j.chemosphere.2019.125593Baloch S., Kazi T.G., Afridi H.I., Baig J.A., Talpur F.N., Arain M.B. Correlation of lithium levels between drinking water obtained from different sources and scalp hair samples of adult male subjects. Environ. Geochem. Health. 2017; 39(5): 1191–9. https://doi.org/101007/s10653-016-9886-1Baloch S., Kazi T.G., Afridi H.I., Baig J.A., Talpur F.N., Arain M.B. Correlation of lithium levels between drinking water obtained from different sources and scalp hair samples of adult male subjects. Environ. Geochem. Health. 2017; 39(5): 1191–9. https://doi.org/101007/s10653-016-9886-1Concha G., Broberg K., Grandér M., Cardozo A., Palm B., Vahter M. High-level exposure to lithium, boron, cesium, and arsenic via drinking water in the Andes of northern Argentina. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010; 44(17): 6875–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1010384Concha G., Broberg K., Grandér M., Cardozo A., Palm B., Vahter M. High-level exposure to lithium, boron, cesium, and arsenic via drinking water in the Andes of northern Argentina. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010; 44(17): 6875–80. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1010384Seidel U., Baumhof E., Hägele F.A., Bosy-Westphal A., Birringer M., Rimbach G. Lithium-rich mineral water is a highly bioavailable lithium source for human consumption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2019; 63(13): e1900039. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201900039Seidel U., Baumhof E., Hägele F.A., Bosy-Westphal A., Birringer M., Rimbach G. Lithium-rich mineral water is a highly bioavailable lithium source for human consumption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2019; 63(13): e1900039. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201900039Mahmudiono T., Fakhri Y., Daraei H., Mehri F., Einolghozati M., Mohamadi S., et al. The concentration of lithium in water resources: A systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment. Rev. Environ. Health. 2023; 39(4): 667–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2023-0025Mahmudiono T., Fakhri Y., Daraei H., Mehri F., Einolghozati M., Mohamadi S., et al. The concentration of lithium in water resources: A systematic review, meta-analysis and health risk assessment. Rev. Environ. Health. 2023; 39(4): 667–77. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2023-0025FDA. Warning Letter. Holographic Health, Inc.; 2021. Available at: https://fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/holographic-health-inc-613874-09102021FDA. Warning Letter. Holographic Health, Inc.; 2021. Available at: https://fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/holographic-health-inc-613874-09102021Zhou W., Xiong H.L., Feng G.D., Yu A.M., Chen H.W. Determination of sodium, magnesium, calcium, lithium and strontium in natural mineral drinking water by microwave plasma torch spectrometer with nebulization sample introduction system. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2014; 34(6): 1671–4. (in Chinese)Zhou W., Xiong H.L., Feng G.D., Yu A.M., Chen H.W. Determination of sodium, magnesium, calcium, lithium and strontium in natural mineral drinking water by microwave plasma torch spectrometer with nebulization sample introduction system. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2014; 34(6): 1671–4. (in Chinese)Neves M.O., Marques J., Eggenkamp H.G.M. Lithium in Portuguese bottled natural mineral waters-potential for health benefits? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(22): 8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228369Neves M.O., Marques J., Eggenkamp H.G.M. Lithium in Portuguese bottled natural mineral waters-potential for health benefits? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17(22): 8369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228369Seidel U., Baumhof E., Hägele F.A., Bosy-Westphal A., Birringer M., Rimbach G. Lithium-rich mineral water is a highly bioavailable lithium source for human consumption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2019; 63(13): e1900039. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201900039Seidel U., Baumhof E., Hägele F.A., Bosy-Westphal A., Birringer M., Rimbach G. Lithium-rich mineral water is a highly bioavailable lithium source for human consumption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2019; 63(13): e1900039. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201900039Коньшина Л.Г. Оценка риска здоровью детей, обусловленного химическим составом питьевой воды источников нецентрализованного водоснабжения Екатеринбурга. Гигиена и санитария. 2019; 98(9): 997–1003. https://elibrary.ru/sfejdeKonshina L.G. Risk assessment of children’s health due to the chemical composition of drinking water sources of the non-centralized water supply of the city of Ekaterinburg. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2019; 98(9): 997–1003. https://elibrary.ru/sfejde (in Russian)Schrauzer G.N. Lithium: occurrence, dietary intakes, nutritional essentiality. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2002; 21(1): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719188Schrauzer G.N. Lithium: occurrence, dietary intakes, nutritional essentiality. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2002; 21(1): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719188

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.