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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-4-445-449</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">lyzeij</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5615</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Биотестирование глубоких эвтектических растворителей с использованием фитотеста и аллиум-теста (Аllium test)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Biotesting of deep eutectic solvents using phytotest and Allium test</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9920-1114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Мария Васильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. лаб. медицинских и биологических технологий, НЦ МБИ адаптации человека в Арктике КНЦ РАН, 184209, Апатиты, Россия</p><p>e-mail: zbe3do4et@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of medical and biological technologies, Research Centre for Human Adaptation in the Arctic, Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209, Russian Federation, Apatity, 184209, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: zbe3do4et@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zbe3do4et@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8843-0122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Койгерова</surname><given-names>Алена Алексеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Koigerova</surname><given-names>Alena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. лаб. медицинских и биологических технологий, НЦ МБИ адаптации человека в Арктике КНЦ РАН, 184209, Апатиты, Россия</p><p>e-mail: a.koygerova@ksc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Laboratory of medical and biological technologies, Research Centre for Human Adaptation in the Arctic, Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: a.koygerova@ksc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.koygerova@ksc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1356-2259</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цветов</surname><given-names>Никита Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsvetov</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. хим. наук, зав. лаб. медицинских и биологических технологий, НЦ МБИ адаптации человека в Арктике КНЦ РАН, 184209, Апатиты, Россия</p><p>e-mail: n.tsvetov@ksc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Chemistry), head, Laboratory of medical and biological technologies, Research Centre for Human Adaptation in the Arctic, Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: n.tsvetov@ksc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">n.tsvetov@ksc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН Федеральный исследовательский центр «Кольский научный центр» Российской академии наук, Научный центр медико-биологических исследований адаптации человека в Арктике</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research Centre for Human Adaptation in the Arctic, Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>445</fpage><lpage>449</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнова М.В., Койгерова А.А., Цветов Н.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнова М.В., Койгерова А.А., Цветов Н.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnova M.V., Koigerova A.A., Tsvetov N.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5615">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5615</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Биотестирование может применяться для оценки безопасности различных химических веществ. В настоящей работе производилась оценка токсичности глубоких эвтектических растворителей (хлорид холина + глицерин + вода, хлорид холина + лимонная кислота + вода и лимонная кислота + глицерин + вода) с использованием фитотеста и аллиум-теста (Allium test).</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методы исследования включали фитотестирование на тест-культурах горчицы белой (Sinapis alba L.) и овса голозёрного (Avena nuda L.) по стандартной методике ФР.1.31.2024.48371 с измерением длины корней после экспозиции в течение 72 ч и расчётом фитоэффекта торможения, а также аллиум-теста с проращиванием луковиц на растворах в течение 96 ч.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Составы «хлорид холина + лимонная кислота + вода» в молярном соотношении 1 : 2 : 43 и «лимонная кислота + глицерин + вода» в молярном соотношении 1 : 4 : 20 в концентрации 0,1% также показали слабую фитотоксичность (фитоэффект торможения 34 и 50% у горчицы белой, 43 и 26% у овса голозёрного соответственно). Аллиум-тест показал токсическое действие у всех растворов, кроме «хлорид холина + лимонная кислота + вода» в молярном соотношении 1 : 2 : 11 в концентрациях 1 и 0,1% и «хлорид холина + лимонная кислота + вода» в молярном соотношении 1 : 2 : 43 в концентрации 0,1%. Отмечены достоверно значимое понижение митотического индекса клеток и появление слипания хромосом.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Использование для оценки токсичности только растительных объектов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В результате исследования слабую или умеренную токсичность показал состав «хлорид холина + глицерин + вода» в соотношении 1 : 2 : 11. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для развития методов оценки безопасности подобных растворителей при планировании их применения в промышленности.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике.</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов:Смирнова М.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка, написание текста; Койгерова А.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка, написание текста; Цветов Н.С. – написание текста. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Работа была выполнена в рамках темы НИР № FMEZ-2025-0064.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 04.07.2025 / Поступила после доработки: 22.07.2025 / Принята к печати: 24.03.2026 / Опубликована: 18.05.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Biotesting can be used to assess the safety of various chemicals. </p><p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of deep eutectic solvents: choline chloride+glycerol+water, choline chloride+citric acid+water, and citric acid+glycerol+water using phytotest and Allium test.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The research methods included phytotesting carried out on test crops of Sinapis alba L. and Avena nuda L. according to the standard method with root length measurement after experimental exposure for 72 hours and calculation of the of the phytoinhibitory effect (PIE,%) and Allium test with germination of bulbs in solutions for 96 hours.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. At a 10% concentration, all DESs exhibited toxicity. [ChCl][Gly]2[H2O]11 at 1% and 0.1% concentrations showed weak to moderate phytotoxicity, with growth inhibition by 38% and 34% in S. alba and 33% and 35% in A. nuda. [ChCl][Cit]2[H2O]43 and [Cit][Gly]4[H2O]20 at 0.1% concentration also demonstrated weak phytotoxicity, with growth inhibition by 34% and 50% in S. alba and 43% and 26% in A. nuda, respectively. The Allium test revealed toxic effects for all DESs, except [ChCl][Gly]2[H2O]11 at 1% and 0.1% and [ChCl][Cit]2[H2O]43 at 0.1%, where no significant toxicity was observed. A statistically significant decrease in the mitotic index and the occurrence of chromosomal stickiness were noted in the Allium test. </p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Use of only plant objects for toxicity assessment.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. [ChCl][Gly]2[H2O]11 exhibited weak to moderate toxicity, consistent with existing literature. These findings can guide the development of safety assessment methods for DESs in industrial applications.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution:Smirnova M.V. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of the material, statistical processing, writing text; Koigerova A.A. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of the material, statistical processing, writing text; Tsvetov N.S. – writing text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. This work was carried out within the frameworks of Research Contracts No. FMEZ-2025-0064.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: July 4, 2025 / Revised: July 22, 2025 / Accepted: March 24, 2026 / Published: May 18, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллиум-тест</kwd><kwd>фитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>генотоксичность</kwd><kwd>глубокие эвтектические растворители</kwd><kwd>хромосомные аберрации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Allium-test</kwd><kwd>phytotoxicity</kwd><kwd>genotoxicity</kwd><kwd>deep eutectic solvents</kwd><kwd>aberrations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hansen B.B., Spittle S., Chen B., Poe D., Zhang Y., Klein J.M., et al. Deep eutectic solvents: a review of fundamentals and applications. Chem. 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