<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-6-588-593</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">bxgloc</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5746</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности модификации провоспалительного цитокинового профиля химическими и биологическими факторами в эксперименте in vitro (на примере бенз(а)пирена и антигенов вирусов гриппа)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of modification of the proinflammatory cytokine profile by chemical and biological factors in an in vitro experiment (using benz(a)pyrene and influenza virus antigens as an example)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Нина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, academician of the RAS, Scientific Supervisor of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: znv@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">znv@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-9234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старкова</surname><given-names>Ксения Геннадьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starkova</surname><given-names>Ksenia G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. иммунологии и аллергологии ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: skg@fсrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), head, Laboratory for immunology and allergology, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: skg@fсrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">skg@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-3145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгих</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgikh</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. иммунобиологических методов диагностики, ФБУН «ФНЦ МПТ УРЗН», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p><p>e-mail: oleg@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), professor, head, Department of immunobiological diagnostic methods, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: oleg@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oleg@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Health Risk Management</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>588</fpage><lpage>593</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зайцева Н.В., Старкова К.Г., Долгих О.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Старкова К.Г., Долгих О.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Starkova K.G., Dolgikh O.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5746">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5746</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Изучение формирования при вирусных инфекциях специфических иммунных фенотипов в условиях их дополнительной модификации химическими факторами позволит расширить представления о механизмах развития иммунной дисфункции, ассоциированной с воздействием среды обитания.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Выделяли смешанную популяцию иммуноцитов и культивировали в течение 48 ч, анализ цитокинового профиля выполняли методом иммуноферментного анализа. В качестве индуцирующих факторов использовали бенз(а)пирен и вирусные вакцинные антигены (гемагглютинины вирусов гриппа A и B).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Выявлены разнонаправленные эффекты бенз(а)пирена в условиях экспозиции in vitro в отношении продукции провоспалительных иммунных медиаторов, связанные с угнетением IL-8 и активацией экспрессии TNF-α и MCP-1 (р = 0,001–0,018). Модификация цитокиновой экспрессии вирусными антигенами гриппа приводила к стимуляции продукции медиаторов (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1) (p = 0,015–0,045). Одновременное внесение в культуру клеток бенз(а)пирена и антигенов вирусов гриппа сопровождалось снижением экспрессии цитокинов IL-1β, IL-8 и IFN-γ (p = 0,005–0,047). Таким образом, наблюдается стимуляция антигенами вирусов гриппа продукции провоспалительных медиаторов, при этом экспериментальная нагрузка бенз(а)пиреном негативно модифицирует биологические эффекты вирусных антигенов, угнетая экспрессию цитокинов.</p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Ограничения методического подхода связаны с необходимостью дальнейшей верификации полученных результатов и их экстраполяции на уровень макроорганизма.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Результаты исследования демонстрируют высокую модифицирующую активность бенз(а)пирена в отношении провоспалительного цитокинового профиля, отменяющую дополнительную экспрессию медиаторов IL-1β, IL-8 и IFN-γ, индуцированную антигенами гриппа, и снижающую защитный иммунный потенциал. Выявленные особенности сочетанных эффектов бенз(а)пирена и антигенов вирусов гриппа, верифицированные в эксперименте in vitro, позволяют уточнить механизмы и особенности воздействия химических и биологических факторов для решения задач профилактики вирусных инфекций на фоне дополнительных угроз и рисков, связанных с поступлением в организм химических агентов (на примере бенз(а)пирена).</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Все доноры подписали добровольное информированное согласие на участие в исследовании. Исследование выполнено в соответствии с Хельсинкской декларацией Всемирной медицинской ассоциации (пересмотр 2013 г.) и Конвенцией о защите прав и достоинства человека в связи с применением достижений биологии и медицины: Конвенцией о правах человека и биомедицине (1999 г.), согласно принципам «Надлежащая клиническая практика» (ГОСТ Р 52379–2005) и одобрено локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» (протокол № 3 от 20.03.2024 г.).</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов: Зайцева Н.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи; Старкова К.Г. – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, написание текста; Долгих О.В. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 24.04.2026 / Принята к печати: 18.06.2026 / Опубликована: 31.07.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Investigating formation of specific immune phenotypes associated with cytokine profile features in viral infections upon their additional modification by exposure to chemical factors will provide better insight into pathways of immune dysfunction associated with environmental factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A mixed population of immunocytes was isolated and cultivated for 48 hours, and the cytokine profile was analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Inducing factors were represented by benzo(a)pyrene and viral vaccine antigens hemagglutinins of influenza viruses type A and B.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The multidirectional effects of benzo(a)pyrene on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine mediators were established under exposure "in vitro" conditions with activation of TNF-α and MCP-1 expression and inhibition of IL-8 production (p=0.001–0.018). Modification of cytokine expression in the presence of influenza viral antigens led to preferential stimulation of cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1) (p=0.015–0.045). Simultaneous introduction of benzo(a)pyrene and influenza virus antigens into the cell culture was accompanied by declining expression of mediators IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ (p=0.005–0.047). Thus, influenza virus antigens stimulate production of pro-inflammatory mediators, while experimental benzo(a)pyrene burden adversly modifies biological effects of viral antigens, inhibiting cytokine expression. </p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. The limitations of the methodological approach are related to the need to further verify the obtained results and to extrapolate them to the macroorganism level.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study findings show the high modifying activity of benzo(a)pyrene affecting the pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, canceling the additional expression of IL-1β, IL-8 and IFN-γ mediators induced by influenza antigens and reducing the protective immune potential. The revealed features of the combined effects produced by benzo(a)pyrene and influenza virus antigens, verified in an in vitro experiment, will allow specifying the mechanisms and peculiarities of the impact of chemical and biological factors to solve the problems of prevention of viral diseases under additional threats and risks associated with chemical exposures (exemplified by benzo(a)pyrene).</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. All donors signed voluntary informed consent to participate in the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (revised 2013) and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1999), according to the principles of “Good Clinical Practice” (GOST R 52379–2005) and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Public Health Risk Management (Protocol No. 3 dated March 20, 2024).</p></sec><sec><title>Contribution</title><p>Contribution: Zaitseva N.V. – study concept and design, editing the text; Starkova K.G. – study concept and design of the, data collection and analysis, writing the text; Dolgikh O.V. – study concept and design, editing the text. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: April 24, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бенз(а)пирен</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные цитокины</kwd><kwd>антигены вирусов гриппа</kwd><kwd>эксперимент in vitro</kwd><kwd>индуцированная экспрессия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Benzo(a)pyrene</kwd><kwd>pro-inflammatory cytokines</kwd><kwd>influenza virus antigens</kwd><kwd>in vitro experiment</kwd><kwd>induced expression</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO. Exposure &amp; health impacts of air pollution. Available at: https://who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-energy-and-health/health-impacts/exposure-air-pollution</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO. Exposure &amp; health impacts of air pollution. Available at: https://who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-energy-and-health/health-impacts/exposure-air-pollution</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang D., Dela Cruz C., Sharma L. Beneficial and detrimental effects of cytokines during influenza and COVID-19. Viruses. 2024; 16(2): 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020308 https://elibrary.ru/aqvpum</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang D., Dela Cruz C., Sharma L. Beneficial and detrimental effects of cytokines during influenza and COVID-19. Viruses. 2024; 16(2): 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16020308 https://elibrary.ru/aqvpum</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казанцева Е.Д., Петрова А.Г., Рычкова Л.В., Даренская М.А. Цитокины при гриппе у детей (обзор литературы). Сибирский научный медицинский журнал. 2024; 44(1): 124–38. https://doi.org/10.18699/SSMJ20240113 https://elibrary.ru/exdfkd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazantseva E.D., Petrova A.G., Rychkova L.V., Darenskaya M.A. Cytokines in influenza in children (literature review). Sibirskii nauchnyi meditsinskii zhurnal. 2024; 44(1): 124–38. https://doi.org/10.18699/SSMJ20240113 https://elibrary.ru/exdfkd (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei F., Gao C., Wang Y. The role of influenza A virus-induced hypercytokinemia. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2022; 48(2): 240–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2021.1960482 https://elibrary.ru/cialrd</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei F., Gao C., Wang Y. The role of influenza A virus-induced hypercytokinemia. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 2022; 48(2): 240–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2021.1960482 https://elibrary.ru/cialrd</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaakkola J.J.K. Invited perspective: on air pollution, epidemics, pandemics, and planetary health. Environ. Health Perspect. 2023; 131(12): 121306. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13800 https://elibrary.ru/odzsqv</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaakkola J.J.K. Invited perspective: on air pollution, epidemics, pandemics, and planetary health. Environ. Health Perspect. 2023; 131(12): 121306. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13800 https://elibrary.ru/odzsqv</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loaiza-Ceballos M.C., Marin-Palma D., Zapata W., Hernandez J.C. Viral respiratory infections and air pollutants. Air Qual. Atmos. Health. 2022; 15(1): 105–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01088-6 https://elibrary.ru/bhowwm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loaiza-Ceballos M.C., Marin-Palma D., Zapata W., Hernandez J.C. Viral respiratory infections and air pollutants. Air Qual. Atmos. Health. 2022; 15(1): 105–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01088-6 https://elibrary.ru/bhowwm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Provenzano S., Roth S., Sager L. Air pollution and respiratory infectious diseases. Environ. Resource Econ. 2024; 87(5): 1127–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-024-00858-x https://elibrary.ru/qycqdp</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Provenzano S., Roth S., Sager L. Air pollution and respiratory infectious diseases. Environ. Resource Econ. 2024; 87(5): 1127–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-024-00858-x https://elibrary.ru/qycqdp</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu B., Lim J.T., Chen C. Association between ambient air pollutants and major infectious diseases in Singapore. Environ. Chall. 2025; 21: 101297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101297 https://elibrary.ru/tvebai</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu B., Lim J.T., Chen C. Association between ambient air pollutants and major infectious diseases in Singapore. Environ. Chall. 2025; 21: 101297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2025.101297 https://elibrary.ru/tvebai</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bukowska B., Mokra K., Michałowicz J. Benzo[a]pyrene – environmental occurrence, human exposure, and mechanisms of toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022; 23(11): 6348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348 https://elibrary.ru/xzpyat</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukowska B., Mokra K., Michałowicz J. Benzo[a]pyrene – environmental occurrence, human exposure, and mechanisms of toxicity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022; 23(11): 6348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116348 https://elibrary.ru/xzpyat</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bukowska B., Duchnowicz P. Molecular mechanisms of action of selected substances involved in the reduction of benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress. Molecules. 2022; 27(4): 1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041379 https://elibrary.ru/japjom</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukowska B., Duchnowicz P. Molecular mechanisms of action of selected substances involved in the reduction of benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress. Molecules. 2022; 27(4): 1379. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041379 https://elibrary.ru/japjom</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou B., Wang L., Yang S., Liang Y., Zhang Y., Pan X., et al. Diosmetin alleviates benzo[a]pyrene-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-induced acute lung injury and dysregulation of inflammation through modulation of the PPAR-γ-NF-κB/P38 MAPK signaling axis. Food Funct. 2023; 14(7): 3357–78. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo02590f https://elibrary.ru/uxpwzk</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou B., Wang L., Yang S., Liang Y., Zhang Y., Pan X., et al. Diosmetin alleviates benzo[a]pyrene-exacerbated H1N1 influenza virus-induced acute lung injury and dysregulation of inflammation through modulation of the PPAR-γ-NF-κB/P38 MAPK signaling axis. Food Funct. 2023; 14(7): 3357–78. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo02590f https://elibrary.ru/uxpwzk</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu Y., Zuo X., Zhang S., Ouyang Z., Jiang S., Wang F., et al. The mechanism behind influenza virus cytokine storm. Viruses. 2021; 13(7): 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071362 https://elibrary.ru/ivkywz</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu Y., Zuo X., Zhang S., Ouyang Z., Jiang S., Wang F., et al. The mechanism behind influenza virus cytokine storm. Viruses. 2021; 13(7): 1362. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071362 https://elibrary.ru/ivkywz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Землянова М.А., Кольдибекова Ю.В. Клеточно-молекулярные и системные биомаркеры в гигиене. Пермь; 2025. 744 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Zemlyanova M.A., Koldibekova Yu.V. Cellular-molecular and systemic biomarkers in hygiene [Kletochno-molekulyarnye i sistemnye biomarkery v gigiene]. Perm; 2025. 744 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Márquez-Bandala A.H., Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L., Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Pathogenesis induced by influenza virus infection: role of the early events of the infection and the innate immune response. Viruses. 2025; 17(5): 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050694 https://elibrary.ru/arrnpu</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Márquez-Bandala A.H., Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L., Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Pathogenesis induced by influenza virus infection: role of the early events of the infection and the innate immune response. Viruses. 2025; 17(5): 694. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050694 https://elibrary.ru/arrnpu</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Betakova T., Kostrabova A., Lachova V., Turianova L. Cytokines induced during influenza virus infection. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017; 23(18): 2616–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170316123736 https://elibrary.ru/yejrfr</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Betakova T., Kostrabova A., Lachova V., Turianova L. Cytokines induced during influenza virus infection. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017; 23(18): 2616–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170316123736 https://elibrary.ru/yejrfr</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karaba A.H., Zhou W., Hsieh L.L., Figueroa A., Massaccesi G., Rothman R.E., et al. Differential cytokine signatures of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza infection highlight key differences in pathobiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022; 74(2): 254–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab376 https://elibrary.ru/eeqrsw</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaba A.H., Zhou W., Hsieh L.L., Figueroa A., Massaccesi G., Rothman R.E., et al. Differential cytokine signatures of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza infection highlight key differences in pathobiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022; 74(2): 254–62. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab376 https://elibrary.ru/eeqrsw</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monoson A., Schott E., Ard K., Kilburg-Basnyat B., Tighe R.M., Pannu S., et. al. Air pollution and respiratory infections: the past, present, and future. Toxicol. Sci. 2023; 192(1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfad003 https://elibrary.ru/yoqtmm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monoson A., Schott E., Ard K., Kilburg-Basnyat B., Tighe R.M., Pannu S., et. al. Air pollution and respiratory infections: the past, present, and future. Toxicol. Sci. 2023; 192(1): 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfad003 https://elibrary.ru/yoqtmm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poniedziałek B., Rzymski P., Zarębska-Michaluk D., Flisiak R. Viral respiratory infections and air pollution: a review focused on research in Poland. Chemosphere. 2024; 359: 142256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142256 https://elibrary.ru/ttgofi</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poniedziałek B., Rzymski P., Zarębska-Michaluk D., Flisiak R. Viral respiratory infections and air pollution: a review focused on research in Poland. Chemosphere. 2024; 359: 142256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142256 https://elibrary.ru/ttgofi</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайцева Н.В., Старкова К.Г., Долгих О.В., Ширинкина А.С. Особенности экспрессии цитокинов в условиях её модификации вакцинными антигенами вирусов (SARS-CoV-2 и Influenzavirus) и бенз(а)-пиреном на экспериментальных моделях in vitro. Гигиена и санитария. 2025; 104(3): 353–7. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-3-353-357 https://elibrary.ru/mcohej</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zaitseva N.V., Starkova K.G., Dolgikh O.V., Shirinkina A.S. Features of cytokine expression under its modification with vaccine viral antigens (SARS-CoV-2 and Influenzavirus) and benzo(a)pyrene in experimental models in vitro. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal). 2025; 104(3): 353–7. https://doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-3-353-357 https://elibrary.ru/mcohej (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coumoul X., Barouki R., Esser C., Haarmann-Stemmann T., Lawrence B.P., Lehmann J., et al. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: structure, signaling, physiology and pathology. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2026; 11(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-025-02500-8 https://elibrary.ru/zbfahm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coumoul X., Barouki R., Esser C., Haarmann-Stemmann T., Lawrence B.P., Lehmann J., et al. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: structure, signaling, physiology and pathology. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2026; 11(1): 20. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-025-02500-8 https://elibrary.ru/zbfahm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fueldner C., Kohlschmidt J., Riemschneider S., Schulze F., Zoldan K., Esser C., et. al. Benzo(a)pyrene attenuates the pattern-recognition-receptor induced proinflammatory phenotype of murine macrophages by inducing IL-10 expression in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent manner. Toxicology. 2018; 409: 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.011 https://elibrary.ru/vgiwyz</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fueldner C., Kohlschmidt J., Riemschneider S., Schulze F., Zoldan K., Esser C., et. al. Benzo(a)pyrene attenuates the pattern-recognition-receptor induced proinflammatory phenotype of murine macrophages by inducing IL-10 expression in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent manner. Toxicology. 2018; 409: 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.011 https://elibrary.ru/vgiwyz</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fueldner C., Riemschneider S., Haupt J., Jungnickel H., Schulze F., Zoldan K., et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by benzo[a]pyrene prevents development of septic shock and fatal outcome in a mouse model of systemic Salmonella enterica infection. Cells. 2022; 11(4): 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11040737 https://elibrary.ru/yipfub</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fueldner C., Riemschneider S., Haupt J., Jungnickel H., Schulze F., Zoldan K., et al. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by benzo[a]pyrene prevents development of septic shock and fatal outcome in a mouse model of systemic Salmonella enterica infection. Cells. 2022; 11(4): 737. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11040737 https://elibrary.ru/yipfub</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt J.R., Haupt J., Riemschneider S., Kämpf C., Löffler D., Blumert C., et al. Transcriptomic signatures reveal a shift towards an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile but also the induction of type I and type II interferon signaling networks through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in murine macrophages. Front. Immunol. 2023; 14: 1156493. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156493 https://elibrary.ru/ksflzc</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt J.R., Haupt J., Riemschneider S., Kämpf C., Löffler D., Blumert C., et al. Transcriptomic signatures reveal a shift towards an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile but also the induction of type I and type II interferon signaling networks through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in murine macrophages. Front. Immunol. 2023; 14: 1156493. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156493 https://elibrary.ru/ksflzc</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Зайцева Н.В., ред. Анализ риска здоровью в стратегии государственного социально-экономического развития. М.-Пермь; 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Zaitseva N.V., eds. Health Risk Analysis in the Strategy of State Socio-Economic Development [Analiz riska zdorov’yu v strategii gosudarstvennogo social’no-ehkonomicheskogo razvitiya]. Moscow-Perm’; 2024. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
