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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2026-105-6-669-674</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">tvzzqc</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-5756</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование печени лабораторных крыс при хроническом ингаляционном воздействии наночастиц оксида свинца</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of the liver of laboratory rats under chronic inhalation exposure to lead oxide nanoparticles</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-0008</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шабардина</surname><given-names>Лада Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shabardina</surname><given-names>Lada V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПЗОРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: lada.shabardina@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lada.shabardina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, директор ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), director, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sutunkova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3239-5998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гертан</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gertan</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПЗОРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: gertan00@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: gertan00@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gertan00@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-7845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Biological), head, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: ilzira@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ilzira@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-8777</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шеломенцев</surname><given-names>Иван Глебович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shelomentsev</surname><given-names>Ivan G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПЗОРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: shelomencev@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: shelomencev@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shelomencev@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4634-4066</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Ксения Андреевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мл. науч. сотр. отд. токсикологии и биопрофилактики ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПЗОРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kberlyakova@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior researcher, Department of Toxicology and Bioprophylaxis, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kberlyakova@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kberlyakova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2726-9259</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сахаутдинова</surname><given-names>Рената Рашидовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sakhautdinova</surname><given-names>Renata R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. мед. наук, зав. ДЛО НПО лабораторно-диагностических технологий ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПЗОРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: sahautdinova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Medicine), head, Diagnostic laboratory department, Research and Production Association of Laboratory Diagnostic Technologies, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: sahautdinova@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sahautdinova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4109-9268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берёза</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereza</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: berezaia@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: berezaia@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">berezaia@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаихова</surname><given-names>Дарья Рамильевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaikhova</surname><given-names>Daria R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: darya.boo@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: darya.boo@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">darya.boo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-7288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кикоть</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kikot</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. молекулярной биологии и электронной микроскопии ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора, 620014, Екатеринбург, Россия</p><p>e-mail: kikotam@ymrc.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, Department of Molecular Biology and Electron Microscopy, Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation</p><p>e-mail: kikotam@ymrc.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kikotam@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора; ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Ural State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Роспотребнадзора; ФГАОУ ВО «Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers; Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>105</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>669</fpage><lpage>674</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шабардина Л.В., Сутункова М.П., Гертан Н.А., Минигалиева И.А., Шеломенцев И.Г., Гаврилова К.А., Сахаутдинова Р.Р., Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Кикоть А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шабардина Л.В., Сутункова М.П., Гертан Н.А., Минигалиева И.А., Шеломенцев И.Г., Гаврилова К.А., Сахаутдинова Р.Р., Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Кикоть А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shabardina L.V., Sutunkova M.P., Gertan N.A., Minigalieva I.A., Shelomentsev I.G., Gavrilova K.A., Sakhautdinova R.R., Bereza I.A., Shaikhova D.R., Kikot A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5756">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/5756</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Длительное ингаляционное воздействие наночастиц свинца может приводить к увеличению рисков для здоровья работающих. Один из органов-мишеней для наночастиц свинца – печень, что связано с её детоксикационной функцией.</p><p>Цель исследования – оценка гепатотоксических эффектов наночастиц оксида свинца при хроническом ингаляционном воздействии в эксперименте in vivo на крысах. </p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. В ходе эксперимента крысы-самки подвергались хроническому (4 мес) ингаляционному воздействию наночастиц оксида свинца в концентрации 0,2 мг/м³ в течение 4 ч в день, 5 раз в неделю на протяжении 4 мес. Были оценены следующие параметры: биохимические параметры сыворотки крови, гистоморфология и цитограмма печени, ядерно-цитоплазматическое отношение и митохондриальный профиль гепатоцитов, экспрессия апоптотических генов.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Наблюдалось увеличение уровней малонового диальдегида, каталазы и С-реактивного белка по данным биохимического анализа крови. Были зафиксированы воспалительные и дистрофические изменения печёночной ткани. Митохондриальный профиль гепатоцитов был смещён в сторону везикулярно набухшего морфотипа. Выявлено увеличение уровня экспрессии апоптотического гена bax и тенденция к росту соотношения bax/bcl-2 в ткани печени крыс. </p></sec><sec><title>Ограничения исследования</title><p>Ограничения исследования. Используемые в эксперименте лабораторные животные принадлежали к одному виду и полу.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Ингаляционное введение НЧ PbO в концентрации 0,2 мг/м³ индуцировало у самок крыс комплексное гепатотоксическое действие, ключевыми механизмами которого являются окислительный стресс, воспаление и запуск апоптоза.</p><p>Соблюдение этических стандартов. Исследование было одобрено локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора протокол № 4 от 12.06.2022 г.</p></sec><sec><title>Вклад авторов</title><p>Вклад авторов: Сутункова М.П., Минигалиева И.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования; Шабардина Л.В., Гертан Н.А. – написание текста; Гаврилова К.А., Сахаутдинова Р.Р. – сбор и обработка материала; Шеломенцев И.Г., Берёза И.А., Шаихова Д.Р., Кикоть А.М. – сбор и обработка материала, статистическая обработка. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.</p></sec><sec><title>Конфликт интересов</title><p>Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p></sec><sec><title>Финансирование</title><p>Финансирование. Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p></sec><sec><title>Поступила</title><p>Поступила: 04.02.2026 / Поступила после доработки: 24.04.2026 / Принята к печати: 18.06.2026 / Опубликована: 31.07.2026</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Long-term inhalation exposure to lead nanoparticles may increase health risks for workers. The liver is one of their target organs due to its detoxifying function. </p><p>The aim of the study is to evaluate hepatotoxic effects of lead oxide nanoparticles following chronic inhalation exposure in an “in vivo” experiment on rats.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Female rats were subjected to chronic inhalation exposure to lead oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.2 mg/m³ for 4 hours per day, 5 times a week for 4 months. After cessation of exposure, we evaluated serum biochemical parameters, liver histomorphology and cytogram, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and mitochondrial profile of hepatocytes, and apoptotic gene expression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Increased levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, and C-reactive protein were observed based on blood biochemistry. Inflammatory and degenerative changes in liver tissue were registered. The mitochondrial profile of hepatocytes shifted toward a vesicular swollen morphotype. Elevated expression of the apoptotic bax gene and a trend toward an increasing bax/bcl-2 ratio were detected in rat liver tissue.</p></sec><sec><title>Limitations</title><p>Limitations. Laboratory animals used in the experiment belonged to the same species and sex.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Inhalation exposure to PbO NPs at the concentration of 0.2 mg/m³ induced complex hepatotoxic effects in female rats, the key mechanisms of which include oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.</p><p>Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 4 of June 12, 2022).</p></sec><sec><title>Contributions</title><p>Contributions: Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A. – study conception and design; Shabardina L.V., Gertan N.A. – draft manuscript preparation; Gavrilova K.A., Sakhautdinova R.R. – data collection and processing; Shelomentsev I.G., Bereza I.A., Shaikhova D.R., Kikot A.M. – data collection and processing, statistical analysis. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version.</p></sec><sec><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>Funding. The study had no sponsorship.</p></sec><sec><title>Received</title><p>Received: February 4, 2026 / Revised: April 24, 2026 / Accepted: June 18, 2026 / Published: July 31, 2026</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>оксид свинца</kwd><kwd>гепатотоксичность</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>печень</kwd><kwd>хроническое воздействие</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>lead oxide</kwd><kwd>hepatotoxicity</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>liver</kwd><kwd>chronic exposure</kwd><kwd>in vivo</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah M.A. Lead oxide (PbO) nanoparticles prepared by a new technique for biomedical applications. Int. J. Biomed. Nanosci. 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