medlitГигиена и санитарияHygiene and Sanitation0016-99002412-0650Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman10.47470/0016-9900-2017-96-6-576-584medlit-852Research ArticleГИГИЕНА ПИТАНИЯFOOD HYGIENEВирусные контаминанты пищевых продуктов и методы их обнаруженияViral contaminants of food products and methods of their detectionhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-0326ЕфимочкинаНаталья РамазановнаEfimochkinaNatalya R.

Д-р биол. наук, вед. науч. сотр. лаб. биобезопасности и анализа нутримикробиома ФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии», 109240, Москва.

e-mail: karlikanova@ion.ru

MD, PhD, DSci., leading researcher of the Laboratory of biosafety and nutrimicrobiome analysis of the Federal Research Centre of nutrition, biotechnology and food safety, Moscow, 109240, Russian Federation.

e-mail: karlikanova@ion.ru

karlikanova@ion.ruФГБУН «ФИЦ питания и биотехнологии» ФАНО РоссииFederal Research Centre of nutrition, biotechnology and food safety201721102020966576584Copyright © Ефимочкина Н.Р., 20202020Ефимочкина Н.Р.Efimochkina N.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/852

Обобщены данные об эпидемиологии и свойствах нескольких групп возбудителей вирусных заболеваний, фактически или потенциально способных к реализации пищевого пути передачи инфекции (норовирусы, вирусы гепатита А и Е, аденовирусы, астровирусы, ротавирусы, вирусы птичьего и свиного гриппа). Упомянуты наиболее известные массивные вспышки энтеровирусных инфекций в странах Юго-Восточной Азии, в Индии, Китае, в Европе и других регионах. Показана значимость продукции животного и растительного происхождения, а также водных биоресурсов в качестве факторов передачи инфекций вирусной этиологии. Анализ существующих методов детекции вирусных контаминантов пищи показывает, что проведение анализа требует подбора методов экстракции и концентрирования проб. Важным критерием пригодности используемого варианта экстракции должна быть его совместимость с требованиями молекулярных методов детекции вирусов — минимальное число этапов обработки проб химическими реагентами, нейтральный уровень рН, сохранение антигенных свойств и интактной вирусной РНК возбудителя. С учетом генетического многообразия пищевых вирусов для их обнаружения требуется подбор эффективных сочетаний нескольких видов праймеров, зондов и условий амплификации. Методы экспресс-контроля должны быть основаны на применении наиболее современных видов анализа, включая мультипраймерную ПЦР, гибридизацию на нуклеотидных микрочипах, иммунохроматографию и ИФА. До внедрения в практику должны быть проведены внутренние и внешние сравнительные испытания экспресс-методов для подтверждения их разрешающей способности и межлабораторной воспроизводимости. Применение комплексных методик анализа пищевых вирусов, создание на их базе системы контроля, включающей порядок и организацию исследований, сбор и обмен информацией компетентными организациями в режиме реального времени, способны значимо повысить эффективность расследования вспышек вирусных инфекций с пищевым путем передачи, снизить риск перекрестной контаминации на пищевых предприятиях, сократить вероятность использования в производственном процессе сырья, загрязненного вирусными патогенами, и повысить безопасность соответствующей продукции.

There were summarized data on epidemiology and the properties of several groups of viral diseases, actually or potentially capable of implementation of the food route of transmission of infection (noroviruses, hepatitis viruses A and E, adenoviruses, astroviruses, rotaviruses, “avian” and “swine” flu viruses). There were mentioned most well-known massive outbreaks of enterovirus infections in countries of South-East Asia, India, China, Europe and other regions. The importance of products of animal and vegetable origin, and also water biological resources as factors of transmission of viral infections are shown. The analysis of available methods of detection of foodborne viruses shows the execution of analysis to demand for matching of methods for extraction and concentration of samples. An important criterion of the suitability of the used variant of the extraction must be its compatibility with demands for molecular methods — the minimum number of stages of sample processing with chemical reagents, neutral pH, preservation of antigenic properties and the intact viral RNA of pathogen. With consideration of the genetic diversity of food viruses, their detection requires the assortment of effective combinations of several types of primers, probes and conditions for the amplification. The methods of the rapid control should be based on the use of most modern types of analysis, including multi-primer PCR, hybridization on nucleotide microchips, immunochromatography and ELISA. Prior to the introduction into the practice, internal and external comparative tests of express methods should be executed to confirm their resolution and interlaboratory reproducibility. The introduction of comprehensive methods for the analysis of food viruses, the creation of a monitoring system on their basis, including the order and organization of research, the collection and exchange of information by competent organizations in real time regimen, can significantly increase the effectiveness of investigating outbreaks of viral infections with food transmission, reduce the risk of cross contamination in food enterprises, reduce the likelihood of using raw materials contaminated with viral pathogens in the production process, and improve the safety of food products

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.