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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medlit</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Гигиена и санитария</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hygiene and Sanitation</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-9900</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2017-96-9-861-867</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medlit-911</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности радиационного нормирования в СССР (России) и США применительно к длительным пилотируемым космическим полётам</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Peculiarities of radiation normalization in the USSR (Russia) and the USA concerning to long-term pilotable space flights</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Ю. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryev</surname><given-names>Yury G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., professor, leading researcher of the A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre, Moscow, 123182, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: profgrig@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушаков</surname><given-names>Игорь Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakov</surname><given-names>I. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, проф., акад. РАН, главный научный сотрудник ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации — Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России, 123182, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: ibushakov@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">profgrig@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шафиркин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shafirkin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации — Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна» ФМБА России</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Centre</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный научный центр РФ — Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>96</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>861</fpage><lpage>867</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Григорьев Ю.Г., Ушаков И.Б., Шафиркин А.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г., Ушаков И.Б., Шафиркин А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grigoryev Y.G., Ushakov I.B., Shafirkin A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/911">https://www.rjhas.ru/jour/article/view/911</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе в ретроспективном плане с 60-х годов прошлого века до настоящего времени рассмотрены согласованные подходы в нашей стране и в США при решении вопросов обеспечения радиационной безопасности и радиационного нормирования кратковременных космических полётов и установлении предельных уровней радиационного воздействия на космонавтов и астронавтов. В то же время для длительных космических полетов показаны некоторые принципиальные различия в выборе критериев радиационной опасности сложного (в отличие от наземного) характера радиационного воздействия космических излучений. Отмечены также различия в моделях формирования радиационного поражения организма с учётом восстановительных и компенсаторных процессов. Проведено тщательное экспериментальное и модельное обоснование не только риска ближайших эффектов, но главное и неблагоприятных отдалённых последствий воздействия на космонавтов космических излучений. Для решения вопросов нормирования в России и установления пределов доз для космонавтов представлены результаты уникальных экспериментов и разработаны количественные подходы к определению состояния ведущих регуляторных систем, резервов организма, суммарного радиационного риска в течение всей жизни космонавтов, а также возможного сокращения средней предстоящей продолжительности жизни (СППЖ).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Retrospectively, from the 60s of the last century to the present time, coordinated approaches have been considered in our country and in the United States in addressing the issues of ensuring radiation safety and radiation rating of short-term space flights and establishing the maximum radiation exposure levels for cosmonauts and astronauts. At the same time, for long space flights some basic differences in the choice of radiation hazard criteria for a complex (in contrast to terrestrial) character of the radiation impact of cosmic radiation are shown. Differences in models of the formation of the radiation hazard to the organism are also noted taking into account the recovery and compensatory processes. A thorough experimental and model substantiation of not only the risk of immediate effects, but also the main and unfavorable long-term effects of cosmic radiation on cosmonauts, have been carried out. To solve problems of rationing in Russia and establish the dose limits for cosmonauts, the results of unique experiments are presented and quantitative approaches to the determination of the state of the leading regulatory systems, body reserves, the total radiation risk throughout the life of cosmonauts, as well as the possible reduction of the average life expectancy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поглощённая и эквивалентная доза в органе и ткани</kwd><kwd>среднетканевая доза</kwd><kwd>эффективная доза</kwd><kwd>обобщённая доза</kwd><kwd>первичная лучевая реакция</kwd><kwd>резервы организма</kwd><kwd>суммарный в течение жизни радиационный риск</kwd><kwd>сокращение продолжительности жизни</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>absorbed and equivalent dose in the оrgans and tissues</kwd><kwd>midltissue dose</kwd><kwd>effective dose</kwd><kwd>generalized dose</kwd><kwd>primary radiation response</kwd><kwd>body reserves</kwd><kwd>life-long radiation risk</kwd><kwd>shortened life expectancy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Ю.Г., Ушаков И.Б., Красавин Е.А., Давыдов Б.И., Шафиркин А.В. 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